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15/01/2020
TEACHER = RESEARCHER
DR. SHADAB PALOJI , ASST. PROF,
SXIE 1
 What do you see ?

DR. SHADAB PALOJI , ASST. PROF,

15/01/2020 SXIE 2
 Ingredients in Research

PROBLEM

ce s t o
r
Resou more
know t the
abou em
probl

SOLUTIONS

DR. SHADAB PALOJI , ASST. PROF,

15/01/2020 SXIE 3
Subcomponents
of Research
 Respondents
 Measurement
tools
 Analysis of the
response

15/01/2020 DR. SHADAB PALOJI , ASST. PROF, SXIE 4

 What purpose does research
serve??
 RE-SEARCH what already exists
 New ways
 Discover alternatives
 Find solutions
 Progressiveness
 Authenticity
 Birth to curiosity
 Imagination
DR. SHADAB PALOJI , ASST. PROF,
15/01/2020 SXIE 5
 Sampling & Tools

A PART OF ACTION RESEARCH

RESOURCE INPUT

DR. SHADAB PALOJI , ASST. PROF,

15/01/2020 SXIE 6
 Important statistical terms

Population:
a set which includes all
measurements of interest
to the researcher
(The collection of all
responses, measurements, or
counts that are of interest)

Sample:
A subset of the population

DR. SHADAB PALOJI , ASST. PROF,

15/01/2020 SXIE 7
 Population in educational research
 Any collection of specified group of
human beings or non-human
entities such as objects ,
educational institutions, time units,
geographical areas, prices of
objects, or salaries drawn by
individuals

DR. SHADAB PALOJI , ASST. PROF,

15/01/2020 SXIE 8
Sample
A representative proportion of a population
DR. SHADAB PALOJI , ASST. PROF, SXIE 15/01/2020 9
 Sampling
 Process by which a relatively small
number of individuals or measures
of individuals, events, objects is
selected and analyzed in order to
find something about the entire
population from which it is selected

DR. SHADAB PALOJI , ASST. PROF,

15/01/2020 SXIE 10
 Why sampling?

Get information about large population’s

 Less costs
 Less field time
 More accuracy i.e. Can Do A Better Job
of Data Collection
 When it’s impossible to study the whole
population
DR. SHADAB PALOJI , ASST. PROF,
15/01/2020 SXIE 11
Target Population:
The population to be studied/ to which the
investigator wants to generalize his results
Sampling Unit:
Smallest unit from which sample can be
selected
Sampling frame
List of all the sampling units from which
sample is drawn
Sampling scheme
Method of selecting sampling units from
sampling frame

DR. SHADAB PALOJI , ASST. PROF,

15/01/2020 SXIE 12
 Types of sampling

 Non-
Probability
samples

 Probability
samples
DR. SHADAB PALOJI , ASST. PROF,
15/01/2020 SXIE 13
 Non probability samples

Probability of being chosen is unknown

Cheaper- but unable to generalise
potential for bias

DR. SHADAB PALOJI , ASST. PROF,

15/01/2020 SXIE 14
 Non probability samples
 Convenience samples (ease of access)
sample is selected from elements of a
population that are easily accessible
 Snowball sampling (friend of
friend….etc.)
 Purposive sampling (judgemental)
 You chose who you think should be

in the study
 Quota sample

DR. SHADAB PALOJI , ASST. PROF,

15/01/2020 SXIE 15
 Non probability samples

Convenience samples (ease of access)

sample is selected from elements of a
population that are easily accessible
DR. SHADAB PALOJI , ASST. PROF,
15/01/2020 SXIE 16
 Non probability samples
 Snowball sampling (friend of
friend….etc.)

DR. SHADAB PALOJI , ASST. PROF,

15/01/2020 SXIE 17
 Non probability samples
 Purposive sampling (judgemental)
 You chose who you think should be

in the study

DR. SHADAB PALOJI , ASST. PROF,

15/01/2020 SXIE 18
 Non probability samples

 Quota sample/ judgemental

sampling: not given equal chance of
selection
DR. SHADAB PALOJI , ASST. PROF,
15/01/2020 SXIE 19
 Probability samples
 Random sampling
 Each subject has a known probability of being
selected
 Allows application of statistical sampling
theory to results to:
 Generalise
 Test hypotheses
 Probability samples are the best
 Ensure
 Representativeness
 Precision
DR. SHADAB PALOJI , ASST. PROF,
15/01/2020 SXIE 20
Methods used in probability samples

 Simple random sampling

 Systematic sampling
 Stratified sampling
 Multi-stage sampling
 Cluster sampling

DR. SHADAB PALOJI , ASST. PROF,

15/01/2020 SXIE 21
 Simple random sampling

DR. SHADAB PALOJI , ASST. PROF,

15/01/2020 SXIE 22
 Table of random numbers

684257954125632140
582032154785962024
362333254789120325
985263017424503686

DR. SHADAB PALOJI , ASST. PROF,

15/01/2020 SXIE 23
 Systematic sampling

Sampling fraction
Ratio between sample size and
population size

DR. SHADAB PALOJI , ASST. PROF,

15/01/2020 SXIE 24
 Systematic sampling

DR. SHADAB PALOJI , ASST. PROF,

15/01/2020 SXIE 25
 Cluster sampling
Cluster: a group of sampling units close to each
other i.e. crowding together in the same area or
neighborhood

DR. SHADAB PALOJI , ASST. PROF,

15/01/2020 SXIE 26
 Cluster sampling
Section 1 Section 2

Section 3

Section 5

Section 4
DR. SHADAB PALOJI , ASST. PROF,
15/01/2020 SXIE 27
  Stratified sampling
 Multi-stage sampling

DR. SHADAB PALOJI , ASST. PROF,

15/01/2020 SXIE 28
 Errors in sample

Systematic error (or bias)

--- Inaccurate response (information bias)

Selection bias

Sampling error (random error)

DR. SHADAB PALOJI , ASST. PROF,

15/01/2020 SXIE 29
 DR. SHADAB PALOJI , ASST. PROF,
15/01/2020 SXIE 30
 Tools of educational research
 Diary and documentation
 Observational schedule ( participant
observation recording)
 Interview schedule
 Questionnaire
 Survey
 Case study

DR. SHADAB PALOJI , ASST. PROF,

15/01/2020 SXIE 31
 Rating Scale

Checklist
Questionnaire/
Opinionnaire
Open ended

Closed ended

DR. SHADAB PALOJI , ASST. PROF,

15/01/2020 SXIE 32
 DR. SHADAB PALOJI , ASST. PROF,
15/01/2020 SXIE 33
 DR. SHADAB PALOJI , ASST. PROF,
15/01/2020 SXIE 34