Group 1

Presented by:

AÑONUEVO, Jhona
CLEOFE, Baby K.C
MANGUERRA, Bernalyn Mae
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SNMPv1 Network
Management:
Organization and
Information Models
Overview
✓ SNMP management is also referred to as Internet
management and the most widely used NMS.

✓ SNMP Management Models:

✓ Organizational Model
○ Relationship between network element, agent, and manager
○ 2- and 3-tier models
✓ Information Model
○ Structure of management information, SMI
○ Management information base, MIB
○ uses ASN.1 syntax
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SNMP Model
✓ How is SNMP management is done?
An NMS acquires a new network element through
a management agent or monitors the ones it has
acquired. There is a relationship between manager and
agent. Since one manager is responsible for managing
the designated functions of many agents, it is
hierarchical in structure. The infrastructure of the
manager–agent and the SNMP architecture that it is
based on form the organization model.

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Organization Model
The initial organization model of SNMP management is a
simple two-tier model. It consists of a network agent process,
which resides in the managed object, and a network manager
process, which resides in the NMS and manages the managed
object. This is shown in Figure 4.5(a)
Both the manager and the agent are software modules. The
agent responds to any management system that communicates
with it using SNMP. Thus, multiple managers can interact with
one agent as shown in Figure 4.5(b)

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 Figure 4.5 Two-Tier Organization Model

In two-tier models, the network manager receives raw

data from agents and processes them. It is sometimes
beneficial for the network manager to obtain pre-processed
data.

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 In three-tier models, the network manager receives data from
managed objects, as well as from the RMON (Remote Monitoring)
agent about the managed objects. The RMON function, implemented
in a distributed fashion on the network, has greatly increased the
centralized management of networks.

Figure 4.6 Three-Tier Organization Model

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SNMP System Architecture

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✓ RFC 1157 describes SNMP system architecture. It defines SNMP “by
which management information for a network element may be
inspected or altered by logically remote users.” Two companion RFCs
are RFC 1155, which describes the structure and identification of
management information, and RFC 1156, which addresses the
information base that is required for management.

✓ As the name implies, SNMP protocol has been intentionally designed

to be simple and versatile; this surely has been accomplished as
indicated by its success. Communication of management information
among management entities is realized through exchange of just five
protocol messages. 

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SNMP Services (The five protocol messages)

✓ Three of these (get-request, get-next-request, and set-request) are initiated by

the manager application process. 
✓ The other two messages, get-response and trap, are generated by the agent
process. Message generation is called an event.

Get, Set, GetNext Request

Get Response
Manager Agent(s)
Trap

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SNMP Services
✓ Get Request:
○ Retrieve the values of objects in the MIB of an agent.
✓ Get-Next Request:
○ Retrieve the values of the next objects in the MIB of an agent.
✓ Set Request:
○ Update the values of objects in the MIB of an agent.
✓ Trap Request
○ Report extraordinary events to the manager.

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Information Models
Structure of Management Information
(SMI)
✓ A managed object can be considered to be composed of an object
type and an object instance, as shown in Figure 4.10 SMI is
concerned only with the object type and not the object instance.
That is, the object instance is not defined by SMI.

Figure 4.10 Managed Object: Type and Instance

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Figure 4.11 Managed Object: Type with Multiple Instances

Figure 4.11 shows the situation where there are multiple

instances of an object type.

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 A managed object need not be just a network element, it could be
any object. The object type, which is a data type, has a name, a syntax,
and and encoding scheme.
The name is represented uniquely by a descriptor and an object
identifier. The syntax of an object type is defined using the abstract
data structure ASN.1. Basic encoding rules (BER) have been adopted
as the encoding scheme for transfer of data types between agent and
manager processes, as well as between manager processes.

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Object Names
✓ Every object type, i.e., every name, is uniquely identified by a
DESCRIPTOR and an associated OBJECT IDENTIFIER. 

internet OBJECT IDENTIFIER

::= {iso org(3) dod(6) 1 }.

✓ Information inside the curly brackets can be represented in various ways.

This is shown in Figure 4.12. We can use any combination of the unique
name and the unique node number on the management tree.
✓ Any object in the Internet MIB (Management Information Base) will start
with the prefix 1.3.6.1 or internet. 

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✓ The directory(1) node is reserved for future use of OSI Directory in
the Internet. The mgmt(2) node is used to identify all IETF
recommended and IAB-approved subnodes and objects. As of now
the only node connected directly to {internet 2} is mib-2. As we said
earlier, MIB-2 is a superset of MIB-1, and hence mib-2 is the only
node under {mgmt} as shown below:

Figure 4.12 Different Formats of Declaration of OBJECT IDENTIFIER

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Figure 4.13 Subnodes under Internet Node in SNMPv1

directory OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {internet

mgmt 1}

experimental OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {internet

2}
private
OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {internet
3}
OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {internet
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4}
✓ The experimental(3) node was created to define
objects under IETF experiments.
✓ The last node is private(4). This is a heavily used
node. 

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 Figure 4.14 Private Subtree for Commercial Vendors

Figure 4.14 shows an example of four commercial vendors—Cisco,

HP, 3Com, and Cabletron who are registered as nodes 9, 11, 43, and 52,
respectively, under enterprises(1). Nodes under any of these nodes are
entirely left to the discretion of the vendors.
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“
Management of Information Base
(MIB)
✓ MIB-II (RFC 1213) is superset of MIB-I
✓ Objects that are related grouped into object
groups
✓ MIB module comprises module name, imports
from other modules, and definitions of current
module
✓ RFC 1213 defines eleven groups

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MIB II (RFC 1213)
System Group

○ Provide general information about the managed system.

Interfaces Group

○ Contains generic information about the physical interfaces.

Address-Translation Group

○ Contains information about the mapping between network addresses

and physical addresses for each physical interface.
IP Group

○ Contains information about the implementation and operation of IP at

the managed system.
ICMP Group

○ Contains information about the implementation and operation of ICMP

at the managed system.
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TCP Group
○ Contains information about the implementation and operation of TCP at the
managed system.
UDP Group
○ Contains information about the implementation and operation of UDP at the
managed system.
EGP Group
○ Contains information about the implementation and operation of EGP at the
managed system.
CMOT Group
○ Placeholder for OSI (CMIP Over TCP/IP)
Transmission Group
○ Provides details about the underlying transmission media for each interface.
SNMP Group
○ Provides the statistics of SNMP operations at the managed system.
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Internet MIB-II Group
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✓ MIB is organized such that implementation can
be done on an as-needed basis. The entire MIB
does not have to be implemented in either the
manager or the agent process.
✓ Let us remember that MIB is a virtual information
store (base). Managed objects are accessed via
this virtual information base. Objects in the MIB
are defined using ASN.1. 

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2
Network Management
System
What is network
management?
✓ Network management is the process of
administering, managing, and operating a data
network, using a network management system.
✓ Modern network management systems use
software and hardware to constantly collect and
analyze data and push out configuration changes
for improving performance, reliability, and
security.

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How does a network management
system do its job?
✓ The system manages network devices such as switches,
routers, access points, and wireless controllers. It typically
uses a centralized server to collect data from network
elements. The server can be located on-premises, in a private
data center, or in the cloud.
✓ Devices, clients, and applications on the network can send
data to the server with updates about their status. Network
administrators can monitor network operations by logging in
to the server, usually through a web browser or a smartphone
app.

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How do network elements
send data to the system?
Networking devices, such as routers and switches, and network
endpoints, such as computers, smartphones, cameras, machines,
and sensors, typically send data to the system in one of two
ways:
✓ SNMP: The Simple Network Management Protocol is an
open standard and has been the de facto network
management protocol since the early 1990s. It is widely
supported by most manufacturers of network elements. The
network management system uses SNMP to "poll" each
element in the network. Each element then sends a response
to the system.
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✓ Telemetry: A software agent installed in a network
element allows for the automatic transmission of
key performance indicators in real time. Telemetry
is rapidly replacing SNMP, because it is more
efficient, can produce many more data points, and
is more scalable. And telemetry standards, such as
NETCONF/YANG, are gaining traction as ways to
offer the same multivendor support as SNMP.

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Characteristics of a modern network
management system

✓ Network Automation
This is the process of automating the configuring,
managing, testing, deploying, and operating of
physical and virtual devices within a network.
✓ Network Assurance
These features help enhance network performance,
user experience, and security. 
✓ Network Analytics
Network analytics is a software engine that
compares incoming data against preprogrammed
operational models and makes functional decisions for
improving network performance.
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3
Commercial Network
Management System
 We all know that the Network Management System
identifies, configures, monitors, updates and troubleshoots
network devices, both wired and wireless, in an enterprise
network.
Meanwhile, a Commercial Network Management System
deals with commerce or business’ network management
system. It is the use of certain platforms, software, or
network systems in commercial use. The market now offers
many good software solutions, both commercial and open
source, for network monitoring.
 Commercial tools for system and network
management can provide numerous desirable features
(e.g., graphical network maps, scalability to manage
hundreds or thousands of servers or networks,
automated long-term collection of performance
information, OS health and event log monitoring, alert
generation).
The right network management system is what will
keep infrastructure sound and business healthy.

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Here’s some of the best network
management system for commercial use:
✓ Datadog is a platform that provides monitoring and
analytics for software developers, operations teams
and business leaders in the cloud era. The SaaS
platform integrates and automates infrastructure
monitoring, application performance monitoring and
event log management to provide unified real-time
visibility into the entire technology stack of a
company’s customers. The product provides a single
view for on-premises and cloud deployments.

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✓ Lansweeper gathers hardware and software information
of computers and other devices on a network for
management, compliance and audit purposes. The
application also includes a ticket-based helpdesk system
and capabilities for software updates on target devices.
Lansweeper’s core capacity stems from the discovery of
the hardware and software in a local area network
(LAN). Lansweeper can collect information on all
Windows, Linux and Mac devices, as well as network IP
addressable devices.

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✓ SolarWinds Network Performance Monitor quickly
detects, diagnoses and assists in resolving network
performance problems before they result in downtime.
SolarWinds Network Performance Monitor controls
the response time, availability and uptime of routers,
switches and other SNMP-enabled devices. It has
automated network scanning processes that identify
new network devices and monitor the state of all
critical equipment. It supports networks and devices
from leading hardware manufacturers.

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✓ Observium is a low-maintenance network monitoring
platform that automatically discovers and supports a
wide range of device types, platforms and operating
systems. It provides a powerful yet simple and intuitive
interface to the health and status of your network. The
tool is capable of discovering, monitoring and managing
your network via SNMP, CDP or LLDP. TrustRadius
reviewers highlight that Observium is easy to set up, use
and understand, and that right after its connection to the
device, it initiates monitoring and graphic tracing.
However, due to its overall scale, it is mostly suitable for
medium to large networks.

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4
System Management
What is a Systems Management
✓ Systems management refers to the
centralized administration of the IT
(Information Technology) in an
organization. The concept covers a
broad set of subsystems that are
needed to monitor and manage IT
systems correctly.
 Systems Management consists of a wide range of IT functions or
subsets aimed at maintaining or improving infrastructure, network,
applications, services, OSs, among many others. Systems
Management oversees many IT requirements such as;
✓ Application Monitoring – The Application Performance
Management (APM) is a subset of the Systems Management. It
deals with the monitoring and management of the
performance of applications. This subset helps detect complex
problems, deals with life-cycles, and level of service.
✓ Asset Inventory – To keep a record of hardware or software assets.
This subset helps in asset lifecycle management, keeps a record of
hardware, including firmware, versions, OSs, and their licenses. For
software asset inventorying, it keeps versioning, patching, and
licenses in control.
✓ Log Management and Performance Analytics – This subset helps
manage the overall performance of the systems through log
analyzing. It helps you collect, correlate, and analyze the system’s
data to give you an insight into the performance.
✓ Network Monitoring and Management – This includes monitoring
of network devices, such as routers, switches, wireless access points,
and end points. Network monitoring helps managers identify failures
quickly and improve performance accordingly.

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✓ System Administration – Monitoring and management
of servers, storage, databases, virtualization, cloud,
printers, PCs, and mobiles. This subset gives you full
administration over systems configuration and the
disaster recovery and backups.
✓ IT Security and Compliance – Security information and
event management. This task is in charge of running
anti-virus and malware tools, intrusion detection, data
loss, and prevention systems and helping with any
regulatory compliance.

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✓ Automation – This might include automated backups
and restores, automated workloads, or desired
configuration states. A network automation software
can also give you insights into faults, performance,
availability, bandwidth, and IP address management.
✓ Help and Service Desk Management – Some benefits of
this service are the ability to create and track issue
tickets from a single place and have an IT expert solve
them. IT teams can track issues, changes, and faulty
assets.

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Challenges When Implementing Systems
Management
✓ Training – Employees need the right training to use these tools
effectively. Deploying and using centralized systems management
require time and effort. 
✓ Increase cost – Implementing and maintaining an IT and systems
management requires an increased cost. Some of the best tools on
the market are not so cheap, and the free ones take time to install
and learn.
✓ Interoperability – Many systems management software is able to
integrate and operate with different hardware or software vendors.
Unfortunately, all of them have different data interpretations, which
makes the interoperability, challenging.

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5
Enterprise Management
Solutions
What is enterprise
management solutions?
✓ Designed for companies having
sensitive data and data centers,
Enterprise Management Solutions
provide organizations with a robust set
of capabilities for Application
Monitoring, Network & Infrastructure
Management, Storage Management
and Service delivery & Compliance.
✓ The enterprise management solutions help optimize
your services portfolio and help you respond quickly
to dynamically shifting organizational needs.
✓ The main aim of Enterprise Management Solutions are
to Improve ease of Installing & maintaining IT
Infrastructure, Lowering the cost of Administration,
easing the burden of management on customer’s IT
Department by reducing the complexity of managing
multiple systems & proactively monitoring the status
of systems, automate processes where ever possible
and enhancing the service capabilities & performance
of the system.

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Enterprise Management Solutions comprises of, but
not limited to the following areas:

✓ Data Center Automation Solutions

✓ Server and Network Infrastructure Management Solutions
✓ Database Management Solutions
✓ IT Asset Management and Client Management Solutions
✓ Identity and Access Management Solutions
✓ Service Management Solutions (Service- Desk)
✓ Application Performance Management Solutions
✓ Web Trend Analytics

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Companies that offers Enterprise
Management Solutions
✓ Phalgune Infotech – is a premier IT Infrastructure
Solutions company that delivers technology solutions
that fit the business model of its clients in the
technology areas of IT Consulting and Audit Services.
✓ ITminds –  help IT professionals manage physical and
virtual environments across databases, applications,
servers and mainframes to improve service delivery. 
✓ Telecommunications Solutions Group, Inc. –  TSG has
designed, built, and implemented a wide range of
leading edge solutions for command
and operational centers, data centers, campus-wide
network environments, utilizing state of the art
technologies
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“
THANK YOU!

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 REFERENCES
✓ https://dev2u.net/2021/06/03/4-snmpv1-network-management-orga
nization-and-information-models-network-management-2nd-edition
/#img-C04f013

✓ https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/enterprise-networks/what-i
s-network-management.html

✓ https://www.pcwdld.com/systems-management
✓ https://www.itminds.biz/solutions/enterprise-management-solutions.
html
✓ http://www.phalgune.com/Enterprise-Management-Solutions.html
✓ https://telcomsg.com/enterprise-management/

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✓ https://blog.netwrix.com/2021/03/31/network_monitoring_tools/
✓ https://www.itprotoday.com/cloud-computing/commercial-tools-s
ystem-and-network-management

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