It's better to wake up having a

bad breath ,
than to wake up having no
breath at all.
DAMS AND
RESERVOIR
BY : MATT JULIUS P. CORPUZ
 How long do dams Last???
Many dams built during the large dam-building era from 1930-70
have a projected lifespan of 50-100 years. After 50 years, the
maintenance costs and chances of failure start to rise dramatically.

However,
The service life of a well-designed, well-constructed and well-
maintained and monitored embankment and concrete dams can
easily reach 100 years. Hydromechanical elements such as gates
and their motors have to be replaced after 30 to 50 years. The life-
span of penstocks is 40 to 60 years.
 Environmental and Economic Concerns
• The effect of dams on the natural environment became an issue
of public concern at the end of the 20th century. Much of this
concern was energized by fears that dams were destroying the
populations of migrating (or spawning) fish, which were being
blocked or impeded by the construction of dams across rivers and
waterways. In more general terms, dams were often perceived or
portrayed as not simply transforming the environment to serve
human desires but also obliterating the environment and causing
the destruction of flora and fauna and landscapes on a
massive scale. Dams were also blamed for inundating the
cultural homelands of native peoples, who were forced to relocate
out of reservoir “take” areas created by large-scale dams.
Some environmental problems caused by dams are as follow:
• (i) Soil Erosion:
• (ii) Species Extinction:
• (iii) Spread of Disease:
• (iv) Changes to Earth's Rotation:
• (v) Sedimentation:
• (vi) Siltation:
• (vi) Water logging:
• (viii) Salinisation:
 DAM FAILURE = MAJOR DISASTER
• The 1975 Banqiao Dam failure was the collapse of 62
dams including the largest Banqiao Dam in Henan, China
due to Typhoon Nina of 1975. In August 1975, the dam
failure created the third-deadliest flood in history which
affected a total population of 10.15 million and inundated
around 30 cities and counties of 12,000 square kilometers
(or 3 million acres), with an estimated death toll ranging
from 85,600 to 240,000. The flood also caused the
collapse of 6.8 million houses.
 ELEMENTS OF A DAM

The walls, slopes or faces:

They are the two main more
or less vertical surfaces that
bound the body of the dam,
the interior or water above,
which is in contact with
water, and outside or
downstream.
 The coronation or crest: Is the surface
that defines the dam above.

The brackets or attachments: are the

sides of the wall which are in contact
with the closed against which is
supported.

The foundation: is the part of the

structure of the dam, through which the
loads are transmitted to the ground,
produced by both the hydrostatic
pressure as the self weight of the
structure.
GALLERY CREST
The spillway or weir: the hydraulic structure by the
overflowing excess water when the dam is already full.
Gates: are mechanical The drain line: have the so-called
devices designed to ecological flow downstream of the
regulate the flow of water dam and drain the dam if needed
(e.g., during emergencies for possible
through the dam. dam failure).
 RESERVOIRS
There are three main types of
reservoirs;
valley-dammed reservoirs, bank-
side reservoirs,
and service reservoirs.
• Valley-dammed reservoirs are
created in valleys between
mountains. Usually, there is an
existing lake or body of water.
The mountain sides are used as
the walls of the reservoir to hold
the water.
Bank-side reservoirs are
reservoirs that are made by
diverting water from local
rivers or streams to an
existing reservoir.
Service reservoirs are
entirely man made. They
are usually stored in
concrete basins above or
below ground.
 TYPES OF DAM ACCORDING TO USE:
Saddle dam
A saddle dam is an
auxiliary dam constructed
to confine the reservoir
created by a primary dam
either to permit a higher
water elevation and
storage or to limit the
extent of a reservoir for
increased efficiency.
 Weir
A weir (also
sometimes called an
overflow dam) is a type
of small overflow dam
that is often used within
a river channel to create
an impoundment lake
for water abstraction
purposes and which can
also be used for flow
measurement or
retardation.
 Check dam

A check dam is a
small dam designed
to reduce flow
velocity and control
soil erosion.
 Dry dam
A dry dam, also known as
a flood retarding structure, is
a dam designed to control
flooding. It normally holds
back no water and allows
the channel to flow freely,
except during periods of
intense flow that would
otherwise cause flooding
downstream.
 Underground dam

Underground dams are

used to trap groundwater
and store all or most of it
below the surface for
extended use in a
localized area. In some
cases they are also built
to prevent saltwater from
intruding into a
freshwater aquifer.
FUKUZATO UNDERGROUND DAM
 Tailings dam

A tailings dam is
typically an earth-fill
embankment dam used
to store tailings, which
are produced during
mining operations after
separating the valuable
fraction from the
uneconomic fraction of
an ore.