TRANSMISSION

LINE DESIGN -
introduction
VICTOR WABWIRE
Transmission line is categorized by:

 Voltage class – 11kV/33kV/66kV/132kV/220kV/400kV/500kV/800kV

 Number of circuits – single, double or multi circuit
 AC/DC – EHC AC/UHV AC/HVDC
MAJOR COMPONENETS OF A
TRANSMISSION LINE
 Conductors
 Towers
 Earthwires
 Insulators and hardware accessories(strings)
Transmission tower- structure
TYPES OF TOWERS
TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN FLOW
CHART
BASIC DESIGN ASPECTS

1. The design criteria incorporates 2 criteria-

 Electrical design criteria
 Power flow / Line Loadability
 Elecrical clearances(Operational, Safety)
 Corona & Interference
 Insulation requirements
2. Mechanical design criteria
 External(Dynamic) loads due to wind , ice etc
 Self weight of the coponents
 Temperature conditions, climatological factors
 Vibrations
REVIEW OF EXISTING SYSTEM AND
PRACTICES
 Clearances adopted for different insulation levels
 Swing angles adopted and clearances thereof
 Configuration and rating of insulator string , no. discs per string
 Bundle conductor configuration, diameter of conductor
 Surface gradient, electric field
LOADABILITY

 Stability limit – determined by system configuration

 Thermal limit – determined by conductor size & is permissible temp – conductor
dependent
 Line load ability generally restricted by stability limit- thermal limits not generally
exploited for longer lines
 FACTS, series compensation etc improve stability limits and enable loading close
to thermal
 Maximum permissible temp limits increased to 85 deg C in general by
POWERGRID and to 95 deg C on case to case basis
SELECTION OF CLEARANCES

 Tower clearance (Strike Distance) for different swing angles

 Phase to Phase Spacing( Vertical, Horizontal)
 Ground Clearance
 Mid Span Clearance and Shielding Angle
TOWER CLEARANCES
SELECTION OF CLEARANCES:
TYPES OF OVERVOLTAGES
 Power frequency over voltage – line to ground faults ( typically 1.4p.u to 1.7p.u)
 Switching overvoltage's – energizing or High speed reclosing
 Lightning Over voltages
 strike distance ( live metal clearances): Clearance requirements are to be based on
two assumptions;
 In still air or under very moderate winds- clearance should be sufficient enough to
withstand lightning or witching impulse voltages.
 Under high wind the clearance may be related to the power frequecny voltages.
 Phase to phase clearances: determined by live metal clearances for standard tower
configurations
 Ground clearances: Min clearances based on I.E rules and interference criteria
 Mid span clearance: Between earth-wire and conductor- based on voltage level,
span etc
LINE INTERFERENCE

 EF at the ground
 Magnetic field
 Audible noise
 Radio interference
 Tv interference
BUDNLE CONDUCTOR SELECTION
AND OPTIMISATION
 Size , Type and configuration influences
 Tower and its geometry
 Foundations
 Optimum spans
 Ratings and configuration of insulator string
 Insulator swings
 Ground clearance
 Line interference
Conductor types

 ACSR
 AAAC
 ACAR
 AAC
 New technology conductors
 Trapezoidal
 ACSS
 INVAR
 Self damping
 Vibration resistant
Design of towers- bamburi line 132/33kv
line sample standards
Design of towers

 According To IS:802:1995 considering wind zones as per IS:875:1987

 Salient design conditions
 Reliability requirements
 Security requirements
 Safety equirements
 Climatic loads
 Under normal condtion
 Failure containment loads ubnder broken wire conditions
 Lads during construction and maintenance load
Tower design

 Tower types
 Classification of tower
 Tower configuration
 Loading of tower
 Analysis and design
 Tangent tower with suspension string ( 0 t0 2 deg deviation)
 Small angle towers with tension strings ( 2 to 15 deg deviation)
 Medium angle towes with tension strings 915 to 30 deg deviation)
 Large angle (30 to 60 deg deviation) and dead end towers wth tension strings
Classification of towers

 According to constrction features

 Self supporting towers
 Conventional guyed towers
 Chainette guyed towers
 According to no of cuircuits they carry
 Single circuit double or multi circuit towers
 According to tower shapes
Horizontal or vertical
Tower configuration

 Constitutes of the following

 Peak, crossarm, boom, cage, tower body, body extension, leg extension, stub/anchor bolt and
base plate assembly
 Types of wind induced vibrations – influenced by type, stranding and diameter of
conductor, earth wire, conductor/ earth wire tension, sub conductor spacing in
bundle conductors, the bundle configuration
 Aeolian –high frequency, low amplitude vibrations induced by low, steady and laminar wind,
 Wake induced – low frequency, medium amplitude vibrations induced by steady winds on
bundle conductors.
 Galloping – very low frequency, high amplitude vibrations induced by high frequency steady
winds on conductors with asymmetrical ice deposits