SURESH GYAN VIHAR

UNIVERSITY
Physics GA 1st BSc PCM
1st Semester

Made by: Kanak Suman Submitted to: Priya Khandelwal

Ma`am
 Work Energy Theorem
 The net work done on a particle equals the change in the particle’s
kinetic energy:

Wnet =Kb−Ka
 According to this theorem, when an object slows down, its final kinetic energy is less than
its initial kinetic energy, the change in its kinetic energy is negative, and so is the net work
done on it. If an object speeds up, the net work done on it is positive. When calculating the
net work, you must include all the forces that act on an object. If you leave out any forces
that act on an object, or if you include any forces that don’t act on it, you will get a wrong
result.
 Work-Energy theorem is very useful in analysing situations where a rigid body moves
under several forces. As we know that a rigid body cannot store potential energy in its
lattice due to rigid structure, it can only possess kinetic energy. Thus the work done by any
force acting on a rigid body is equal to the change in its kinetic energy. This is the basis of
work energy equation for rigid bodies.
 What is gained by using the work-energy theorem? The answer is that for a frictionless
plane surface, not much. However, Newton’s second law is easy to solve only for this
particular case, whereas the work-energy theorem gives the final speed for any shaped
frictionless surface. For an arbitrary curved surface, the normal force is not constant, and
Newton’s second law may be difficult or impossible to solve analytically. Constant or not,
for motion along a surface, the normal force never does any work, because it’s perpendicular
to the displacement. A calculation using the work-energy theorem avoids this difficulty and
applies to more general situations.

  For Example : A batsman hits a ball of mass m moving with an initial velocity of u.
After the impact, the direction of motion of the ball reverses and velocity becomes v.
Find the work done by the batsman on the ball.
Solution:
Change in kinetic energy , ΔK= m - m

By work-energy theorem, work done by batsman is

W= ΔK= -
Derivation
 Power
 Power is the rate with respect to time at which work is done; it is the time derivative of
work:
 
P=

 In physics, power is the amount of energy transferred or converted per unit time. In the
International System of Units, the unit of power is the watt, equal to one joule per second.
In older works, power is sometimes called activity . Power is a scalar quantity.

 Power is related to other quantities, for example the power involved in moving a ground
vehicle is the product of the traction force on the wheels and the velocity of the vehicle.
The output power of a motor is the product of the torque that the motor generates and the
angular velocity of its output shaft. Likewise, the power dissipated in an electrical element
of a circuit is the product of the current flowing through the element and of the voltage
across the element.
 For Example : A 60-watt bulb is switched on 24 hours a day and there is another 60-watt bulb that is turned
on for only 12 hours. Find the energy consumed by both the bulbs in one day.

For the first 12 hours, both bulb A and B are turned ON, therefore,

Power = 60 + 60 = 120 watts

Energy = Power x Time
= 120 x 12
= 1.44 kWh (kilowatt-hour)

Now for the next 12 hours only bulb A would remain ON hence,

Power = 60 watts
Energy = 60 x 12 = 0.72 kW h

In this scenario, the power consumed during the whole day varies as one bulb is turned ON for only 12 hours,
so we have to calculate average power,

Average Power = Total energy consumed / Total time taken

= (1.44 + 0.72) / 24
=0.092kW
 Conservative and Non-Conservative
Energy
 A conservative force is a force with the property that the total work done in moving a
particle between two points is independent of the path taken. Equivalently, if a particle
travels in a closed loop, the total work done (the sum of the force acting along the path
multiplied by the displacement) by a conservative force is zero.
 A conservative force depends only on the position of the object. If a
force is conservative, it is possible to assign a numerical value for the
potential at any point and conversely, when an object moves from one
location to another, the force changes the potential energy of the object
by an amount that does not depend on the path taken, contributing to the
mechanical energy and the overall conservation of energy. If the force is
not conservative, then defining a scalar potential is not possible,
because taking different paths would lead to conflicting potential
differences between the start and end points.
 Examples of conservative forces are: force in elastic spring, electrostatic force
between two electric charges, and magnetic force between two magnetic poles.

 Despite conservation of total energy, non-conservative forces can arise in classical physics due
to neglected degrees of freedom or from time-dependent potentials. Many non-conservative
forces may be perceived as macroscopic effects of small-scale conservative forces. For
instance, friction may be treated without violating conservation of energy by considering the
motion of individual molecules; however, that means every molecule's motion must be
considered rather than handling it through statistical methods. For macroscopic systems the
non-conservative approximation is far easier to deal with than millions of degrees of freedom.

 Examples of non-conservative forces are friction

and non-elastic material stress. Friction has the
effect of transferring some of the energy from the
large-scale motion of the bodies to small-scale
movements in their interior, and therefore appear
non-conservative on a large scale.
 Potential Energy and Equilibrium
 The term potential energy was introduced by the 19th-century Scottish engineer and physicist
William Rankine, although it has links to Greek philosopher Aristotle's concept of potentiality.
Potential energy is associated with forces that act on a body in a way that the total work done
by these forces on the body depends only on the initial and final positions of the body in space.
These forces, that are called conservative forces, can be represented at every point in space by
vectors expressed as gradients of a certain scalar function called potential.

 Potential energy is the energy held by an object because of

its position relative to other objects, stresses within itself,
its electric charge, or other factors.
  Stable Equilibrium: A body is in stable equilibrium if it comes back
to its normal position on slight displacement .If the object tends to
move back toward its equilibrium position then it must be in a
region of stable equilibrium and the force that pushed it back is a
restoring force.
 A ball in the valley between two hills. a small displacement of the ball toward either side will
result in a force returning the ball to the original position. Thus the equilibrium is stable

 Neutral equilibrium: If a ball is pushed slightly to roll, it will neither come back to its original
nor it will roll forward rather it will remain at rest.
For Example : A ball on a flat surface. A small displacement will not have any impact on the
ball .
 Unstable equilibrium: A body is in unstable equilibrium if it does comes back to its normal
position on slight displacement
For Example : A ball at the top of a rounded hill . A small displacement of the ball results in a
force that moves the ball away from the equilibrium point so that equilibrium cannot be
maintained.
THANK YOU