SEMINAR PRESENTATION ( ZOO DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY, OSUN STATE

703 ) UNIVERSITY, OSOGBO, NIGERIA.

WASH:: A VERITABLE
TOOL FOR ERADICATIION
OF TROPICAL DISEASES.
BY
ADESHINA, Quadri Olusegun
MATRIC NUMBER:
2020/33058

01
 WASH: A VERITABLE TOOL FOR ERADICATION
OF TROPICAL DISEASES.

Presentation
Outline
1. Tropical Diseases Definition

2. Quick Facts on Tropical Diseases

3. An overview of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)

4. WASH and NTDs

5. WASH Interventions for Tropical Diseases Control

6. Evidence of WASH as a Positive Tool for Eradication of Tropical

Diseases

7. Conclusion

8. References
02
 TROPICAL DISEASES DEFINITION

Tropical diseases are infectious diseases

native or that occurs endemic in tropical
or subtropical region of the world.

The tropics are the areas between the

Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of
Capricorn (23.5 degrees of latitude north
and south of the equator respectively).

Tropical diseases are caused by a spread

of organisms, including viruses, bacteria,
protozoa, and parasitic worms (nematodes
and trematodes).

03
Source: Farrar et al.,
2013
 TROPICAL DISEASES DEFINITION

Protozo Virus
a
Malaria Dengue Fever
Leishmaniasis Hemorrhagic
Trypanosomiasis Fever
Chagas Disease

Parasitic Worms
Bacteria Schistosomiasis or
Typhoid Bilharzia Lymphatic
Fever Filariasis Onchocerciasis
Cholera Soil-Transmitted
Helminthiasis
Buruli Ulcer
04
Leprosy or
Hansen
 Exposure to
POSSIBLE ROUTE OF TROPICAL DISEASES
INFECTION. Animal Waste
Bite
s

Plate 3: Animal faecal

matter.

Plate 1: Mosquito blood meal collection on an Person-to-

individual. Person Contact
Contaminated Food, Water
or
Soil

Figure 1: Two persons shaking

05 hands
Images Source: Adobe
Plate 2: Contaminated
apples.
Stock
 QUICK FACTS ON TROPICAL DISEASES
Lack of hygiene and certain play habits
of school-aged children such as
Schistosomiasis swimming or fishing in infested water
Schistosomiasis is an acute and make them especially vulnerable to
chronic disease caused by infection.
parasitic worms.
Schistosomiasis control focuses on reducing
People are infected during routine disease through periodic, large-scale
agricultural, domestic, populat treatment with praziquantel; a
occupational, and recreational more comprehensive approach including
activities, which expose them to potable water, adequate sanitation, and
infested water. snail control would also reduce
Estimates show that at least
transmission.
236.6 million people required
preventive treatment for
Source: Schistosomiasis (who.int)
schistosomiasis in 2019, out
of which more than 105.4
0 million people were reported
6 to have been treated.
 QUICK FACTS ON TROPICAL DISEASES
Soil-Transmitted
Helminthiasis
Soil-transmitted helminth infections
are caused by different species of
parasitic worms.
They are transmitted by eggs
present in human faeces, which
contaminate the soil in areas
where sanitation is poor.
Infected children are
nutritionally and physically
impaired.
0 Source: Soil-transmitted helminth infections (who.int)
7
Approximately 1.5 billion people are
infected with soil-transmitted helminths
worldwide.
Control is based on periodical
deworming to eliminate infecting worms,
health education to prevent re-infection,
and improved sanitation to reduce soil
contamination with infective eggs.
Safe and effective medicines are
available to control infection.
 AN OVERVIEW OF WATER, SANITATION
WASH is an acronym that AND HYGIENE
stands for "water, sanitation, ( WASH)

and hygiene".

Global, cheap and sustainable

access to WASH is a key public
health issue within international
development and is the focus
of Sustainable Development
Goal 6 (SDG 6).

Improving access to WASH services

can improve health and in turn reduce
illness and death, and also affect
poverty reduction and socio-economic
development.
08

Source:
https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal6
 WASH AND NTDS

NTDs are also diseases of neglected people, with the majority of people
at risk of infection, lives in the poorest regions of the world.

Controlling and even eliminating five of the WASH impacted NTDs;

soil- transmitted helminthiasis, schistosomiasis, trachoma, lymphatic
filariasis, and Guinea worm - requires improved WASH conditions.

More than one billion people in 149 countries are infected with at least
one NTD, and up to two billion may be at risk of infection.

NTDs occur in areas with limited access to water and sanitation, and
where hygiene practices, household infrastructure and health services
09 are limited.

(Source: WHO, 2013)

 WASH AND NTDS

To better serve the poor, the NTD and WASH sectors are
urged to collaborate.

Such collaboration should ensure that communities have adequate

and equitable access to water and sanitation, as well as the tools to
practice good hygiene, all of which serve as the basis for prevention
of the NTDs and other disabling diseases.
(Source: WHO, 2021)

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 WASH INTERVENTIONS

Safe Drinking-Water
WASH Improving access to safe drinking-water
Intervention supplies through construction or
s improving water supply systems or
services such as boreholes, protected dug
Hygiene well and etc.

Promoting personal hygiene (such Sanitation

as hand-washing with soap).
Constructing and
maintenance ofsafe
Food hygiene
sanitation system, such as
toilets and sewals.
measures.
11 Promoting environmental
sanitaton
Environmental hygiene
 Wate
WASH INTERVENTIONS
r
Increasing access to sufficient amounts of
safe water for personal hygienic purposes
WASH (e.g.,washing hands, face, or body; bathing;
and doing laundry).
Interventions Increasing access to sufficient amounts of
for safe water for environmental sanitation (e.g.,
cleaning latrines).
Schistosomiasis Monitoring impact of water resources
Control development, waste water management, and
sanitation programs on vector breeding
levels.
Hygiene
Sanitation
Avoiding physical contact
with contaminated surface Reducing open defecation.
water. Disposing of infant / child
faeces properly.
Use of safe water for bathing, Increasing improved
clothes washing, and swimming. sanitation coverage.
12 Promoting maintenance and
of
cleaning Source: Schistosomiasis
latrines.
 Water
WASH INTERVENTIONS
Increasing access to sufficient amounts of safe
water for personal hygienic purposes

WASH (e.g.,washing hands, face, or body; bathing; and

doing laundry).
Interventions for Increasing access to sufficient amounts of safe
water for environmental sanitation (e.g.,
Soil- cleaning latrines).
Transmitted Monitoring impact of water resources
development, waste water management, and
Helminthiasis sanitation programs on vector breeding levels
Control Increasing access to safe wat er for
drinking/food preparation.
Hygiene
Sanitation
Wearing shoes Reducing open defecation.
outside. Disposing of infant / child
Hand washing. faeces properly.
Increasing improved
sanitation coverage.
13
Promoting maintenance and
Source: Soil-transmitted helminth infections cleaning of latrines.
 EVIDENCE OF WASH AS A POSITIVE TOOL FOR ERADICATION OF TROPICAL Schistosomiasis
DISEASES

1 2
Improving water supply In Kenya, it was found that children
from villages with communal as
infrastructure in St. Lucia was
opposed to household water
found to reduce sources were eight times more
schistosomiasis in children likely to become reinfected
from 19-3% to 45%. following treatment.

3
In Brazil, absence of
piped water was
found to be
associated with
1 seven-fold
4
increased risk for Source: (WHO,
 Soil-Transmitted
EVIDENCE OF WASH AS A POSITIVE TOOL FOR ERADICATION OF TROPICAL
DISEASES
Helminthiasis
Wearing shoes reduces hookworm infection by an average of 71%.

Access to a household latrine was associated with reduced risk of

infection with roundworm and whipworm by more than 40%.

Hand washing with soap at critical times, such as after defecation

and before eating, can reduce risk of infection with all three STH
species by more than 30%.

Households that have piped water access have a markedly reduced risk
of infection (43% to 60%).

People who either had or used a latrine were 49% less likely to be
1 infected with STH as people who neither had nor used a latrine.
5 Source: (WHO, 2021)
 Conclusio
n

It is evident that without the institution of WASH programmes, tropical

diseases would still be active for years to come. However, the
collaborative effort by the WASH and NTDs sectors needs to be
intensified at all levels to speed up elimination programmes.
Government agencies and NGOs should further assist in providing
WASH interventions to the communities affected by tropical diseases.
People should also be encouraged through advocacy to practice
adequate sanitation and proper personal hygiene to prevent the spread
of these diseases.

1
6
 References

1. Farrar, Jeremy; Hotez, Peter J; Junghanss, Thomas; Kang, Gagandeep;

Lalloo, David; White, Nicholas (2013). Manson's tropical diseases (New
ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders [Imprint]. ISBN 9780702051012.
2.Schistosomiasis (who.int)
3.Soil-transmitted helminth infections (who.int)
4.https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal6
5.World Health Organization (2013) Neglected Tropical Diseases.
Retrieved from http:// apps.who.int/ neglected_diseases/en
6.
https://www.who.int/news/item/22-03-2021-water-sanitation-and-

hygiene-closing-the-gap-to-end-neglected-tropical-diseases

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