HELL

O Group 10
slidesmania.com

Members of
group | Hà Thị Hương Quỳnh
Đào Thị Tâm Hoàng Thị Thanh Lê Phương Thảo Trịnh Thị Thúy Nguyễn Chí Vinh
 This bundle includes the following layouts:
TABLE OF CONTENTS:

✎ Coordination & subordination 

Frayer model
✎ Weekly planner
✎ Station rotation Classification of subordinate clause
✎ Choice board
✎ Bingo By structure ( finite, non-finite, verbless clause)
✎ One, two, three and four blocks for analysis, comparisons and free writing
✎ Class debate By function (nominal clause , adverbial clause, comparative
✎ Parts of a story clause, comment clause)
✎ Collecting evidence
✎ Subordinators
Cause and effect / Causes : exercise 5 (p64)
and consequences
slidesmania.com

✎ Hierarchy diagrams
✎ Bracket Challenge
*Use them in PowerPoint or Google Slides. Or customize them, save them as JPEG and use them in Google Jamboard or Microsoft Whiteboard. - Or print them out if you
prefer. -
 Coordination and subordination
1.1. Coordination
1.1.1. Definition

- The combination of two or more equal units, namely, phrases or

clauses

Eg: You don't like milk and coffee right?

    I like milk, but don’t like coffee

slidesmania.com
 Coordination and subordination
1.1. Coordination
1.1.1. Definition

- Using connecting words: Coordinators/ Coordinating conjunctions

Coordinators : A word linking two words or other structures together of equal status

Coordinators are easy to remember if you think of the words “ FAN BOYS” :

• For • Nor • Or • So

• And • But • Yet

slidesmania.com

Eg: She is famous, yet she is very humble

He wanted to study late so he drank a cup of coffee

Do you want me to take you home by car or motorbike?

 Coordination and subordination
1.1. Coordination
1.1.2. Classification

Coordination

Phrasal coordination Clausal coordination

slidesmania.com
 Coordination and subordination
1.1. Coordination
Coordinate NPs( in different syntacstic functions)
Phrasal
Eg: My
Me mother
and my did
friend
not are
givecoming
me or my
(S) sister any money (Oi)
Eg: He considers her his first love and the only one (Co)
She
Do you
is a want
beautiful
tea orgirl
coffee?
but a (Od)
fool (Cs)

Coordinate Adjective phrases

Coordination of phrase Eg: She is young and beautiful

This car is expensive but very convenient
slidesmania.com

Coordinate Adverbial phrases

Eg: You can wait here or there

You can call me now or whenever you want
 Coordination and subordination
1.1. Coordination
Coordinator Clausal
And

Coordinator

Or Coordination of clause of equal status

slidesmania.com

Coordinator

But
 Clausal COordination
Semantic implication of coordination by “And”
• The event in the second clause is a consequence or result of the event in the first

Eg: She fell and (therefore) her leg was bleeding

• The event in the second clause is chronological sequence to the event in the first

Eg: The tree was cut down and (then) made into paper
slidesmania.com

• The second clause introduces a contrast. And could be replaced by but when this implication is present

Eg: John is very rich and (whereas) his friends are extremely poor.
 Clausal COordination
Semantic implication of coordination by “And”
• The second clause is a comment on the first

Eg: She got a gold medal and that's obvious

• The second clause introduces an element of surprise in view of the content of the first

Eg: Mom loves her so much and (but) she doesn't care about it
slidesmania.com

• The first clause is a condition of the second

Eg: Let me see your test scores and you can eat this meal
 Clausal COordination
Semantic implication of coordination by “And”
• The second clause makes a point similar to the first

Eg: You passed the test and with a perfect score

• The second clause is a ‘pure’ addition to the first

Eg: He has long hair and (also) he wears jeans.

slidesmania.com
 Clausal COordination
Semantic implication of coordination by “Or”
• Usually “or” is EXCLUSIVE, expressing the idea that only one of the possibilities can be realized

Eg: I can drive you, or you can go home by bus

• Sometimes “or” is understood as INCLUSIVE, allowing the realization of a combination of the alternatives, and we can
explicitly include the third possibility by a third clause

Eg: You can paint it blue or yellow, or we can mix them together
slidesmania.com
 Clausal COordination
Semantic implication of coordination by “Or”
• The alternative expressed by “or” may be restatement or a correction of what is said in the first conjoin

Eg: They are enjoying themselves, or at least they appear to be enjoying themselves.

• “Or” may imply a negative condition

Eg: Like this post or you will die

slidesmania.com
 Clausal COordination
Semantic implication of coordination by “But”
• The contrast may be because what is said in the second conjoin is unexpected in view of what is said in the first conjoin

Eg: he looks poor, but actually he has a lot of money

• The contrast may be a restatement in affirmative terms of what has been said or implied negatively in the first conjoin

Eg: She didn't eat anything all day, but continued her hunger strike
slidesmania.com
 Coordination and subordination
1.2. Subordination
1.2.1. Definition

According to the function of a clause in a sentence, we have:

• Subordinate (dependent clause)
         We will do whatever is necessary.
• Superordinate (main/independent clause)
         We can hardly wait to see the movie.
• Coordinate clause(or)
slidesmania.com

         Go out or I'll kick you

 Coordination and subordination
1.2. Subordination
1.2.1. Definition

Definition of Subordination : - Non-symmetrical relation held between two clauses is constituent/part

of the other.
E.g : ( I hate you)                                    (although you like me.)
(superordinate/independent/main clause)  (subordinate/dependent clause)
- Hierarchy of clauses:
E.g: I suppose that the match will be finished when we come
that the match will be finished subordinate I suppose
slidesmania.com

when we come subordinate I suppose

that the match will be finished & when we come = dependent clause
I suppose= independent clause
 1.2. Subordination
1.2.2. Subordinating conjunctions

Correlative
Simple subordinators: Compound subordinators:
subordinators:
• Ending with that: in that, so that, such
after, (al)though, as, because, before, if, if…then, (al)though…yet / nevertheless,
that, except that, in order that (or to +
once, since, that, until, when, where, as…so, more/-er/less…than, as…as, so…
infinitive clause)
while……… as, so…(that), such…as, such…(that), no
• Ending with obtional that: now (that),
sooner…than, whether…or, the…the.
provided (that), supposing (that),
considering (that), seeing (that)……….
• Ending with as: as far as, as long as, as
soon as, so long as, so as ( + to +
infinitive clause )
slidesmania.com

• Ending with than: sooner than ( +

infinitive clause ), rather than ( + non-
finite or verbless clause )
• Other: as if, as though, in case
 Classifications of subordinate clauses
Classification of subordinate clauses

By structure By function

Finite Clause
Nominal Clause

Non- finite Clauses

Adverbial Clause
slidesmania.com

Verbless Clauses
Comparative Clause
Comment Clause
 Classifications of subordinate clauses
2.1.By Structure

Finite Clause

Finite clause is a clause whose verbal element is a finite verb, which shows the tense and the mood of the verb
Ex: They finished their homework yesterday.
       We will go shopping together next week.
slidesmania.com
 Classifications of subordinate clauses
2.1.By Structure
Non- finite Clause

a) Definition 
        Non-Finite clause is a clause whose verbal element is a non-finite verb, which does not show the tense and the mood of the verb. 
b) Types of Non-finite clause

• -ed
-ing
Infinitive
 Infinitive
participle
participle
with
without
to to
- Without
With subject: 
subject:
HeThe
 Having
Although
letsbest
us use
athing
covered
terrible
some
would
ofby
toothache,
his
insurance,
beland
to tell
toheeverybody.
grow
Ken
called
vegetables.
was
theannoyed
dentist for
about
an appointment.
the accident.
                              I had
                        Tom 
                         Entering
                            Whencan’t
notified,
something
the
make
room,
his
sheIdog
tofound
would
say
dobefore
anything
her
leave
sleeping
leaving
theithouse
doesn’t
immediately.
want to do
slidesmania.com

- With subject:   help

                        I
                       
                  It’s difficult
her understand
(for me)what
to doher
all teacher
the housework
said. without you.
-           
                         The
With  subject:
      All we    We
need
water
left
wasis
thevery
telling
school
dirty
your
and
(for
parent
went
me)home,
to
theswim
truth.
theon
lesson finished.
- With
Whensubject:
the subject
Her aunt
of adverbial
having left
participial
the room,clauses
I declared
is expressed,
my passionate
it is often
loveintroduced
for Celia. by with:
         With the tree growing tall, we get more shade. 
 Classifications of subordinate clauses
2.1.By Structure
Verbless Clause

- A clause whose verbal element is absent:

In the interests of the local children, the council should reconsider its decision.
- Verbless clauses can also, on occasion, be treated as reductions of non-finite clauses:
nothing in the box, he went back to the shop to complain
-> Being nothing in the box, he went back to the shop to complain.
- As with participle clauses, the subject is often introduced by with:
         With more money, we can buy more things.
slidesmania.com
 Classifications of subordinate clauses
2.2.By Function
2.2.1. Nominal Clause

**Classification:
Definition:
- Nominal clause is a subordinate clause that functions as a noun phrase.
Finitegonominal
Nominal clause always togetherclause
with the main clause and cannot be separated or stand alone.
For example:
That- clause
She said that you hit her first.
Bare infinitive and verbless claus
                       Od wh- interrogative clause
Nominal- ing clause
Yes- No interrogative clause
slidesmania.com

To- infinitive nominal clause

Nominal relative clause

Non- finite nominal clause

 Classifications of subordinate clauses
2.2.By Function
A. Finite Nominal Clause
1. That- clauses
- Definition:
   That- clauses is a subordinate clause that usually begins with the
word “That”.
-A nominal that- clause can function as:
• Adjective
Direct object
Subject
Appositive
complement
complement
     Ex:
       Ex:The
IThat
IMy
believe
amproblem
opinion,
he
confident
arrives
thatishe
that
that
early
that
is no
innocent.
we
we
action
surprises
have
will win.
need
runme.
out
be of
taken
money.
yet, is
slidesmania.com

                        App
                                  
                                                    CS
                                                  Cadj
S Od
shared by most of us here.
                                                  
 Classifications of subordinate clauses
2.2.By Function
A. Finite Nominal Clause
2. Wh-interrogative clause
- Definition:
   Wh- interrogative clause is a subordinate clause, that’s introduced
by one of the wh- word (what, who, which, when, where, why,
how).
-Wh- interrogative clause can function as:

• Prepositional
Direct object
Subject
Appositive
Adjective
complement
complement
complement
slidesmania.com

           Ex: 
        Ex: The
IMy
don’t
wasn’t
Why
original
problem
outcome
know
they
certain
question,
are
is
what
depends
where
whose
absent
shewhy
on
ishouse
want
isshe
what
nothing
henow
Idid
the
wasitto
judges
at
inme
all, are
has thinking
not been
                             
                                                   Od
                                                   Cs
answered
  
                                                                             Cprep
                           S                Cadj
                                                                 App
 Classifications of subordinate clauses
2.2.By Function
A. Finite Nominal Clause
3. Yes- No interrogative clause
- The dependent yes- no interrogative clause is formed with “If or  -A clause beginning with whether can not be made negative,
Whether’’ except as the second part of an alternative question
   Ex: Do you know if / whether the banks are open?    Ex: I don’t care whether it rains or not
 -The dependent alternative question has If / whether… or        I don’t care if it doesn’t rain
   Ex: He doesn’t care whether she loves him or not.           I don’t care whether it doesn’t rain ( Wrong )
 -Only whether can be directly followed by or not  -On the hand, if cannot introduce a subject clause.
slidesmania.com

   Ex: I don’t care whether or not your car breads down    Ex: If it rains or not doesn’t concern me ( Wrong )
      Whether it rains or not doesn’t concern me
 Classifications of subordinate clauses
2.2.By Function
A. Finite Nominal Clause
4. Nominal relative clause
 -The nominal relative clause, also introduced by a wh- element, can be:

• Subject
Indirect
Object complement
object
    Ex:
    
      
Ex:
Ex:What
He
You
gave
Ican
like
whosever
call
best
meiswhatever
came
football
to the
names
dooryou
a winning
like smile
•                                      
                       S
  Appositive Oi
• Subject
            Ex:
Direct object
complement
Let us know your college address (that is, where you live in term time).
    Ex:
     
                                                                                                         App
Ex:I The
wantquestion
to see whoseis what deals
environmental
with complaints protection is
slidesmania.com

•                                                             Cs
                                                     Od
Prepositional complement
          Ex: Vote for whichever candidate you like
                                               Cprep
 Classifications of subordinate clauses
2.2.By Function
B. Non- finite Nominal Clause
1. To- infinitive nominal clauses
  - The to- infinitive nominal clauses have a number of different functions in the clause as:

• Appositive
Subject complement
         Ex: Their
          Ex: To
Hisbeambition,
plan
a good
is to
girl
toescape
be
is not
a movie
from
simple
here
star, was never fulfilled
                   S
                                           
                                                 App
Cs
• Object
Direct object
Adjective
complement
complement
        Ex: We
         Ex:
          Ex: IIwas
want
want
very
you
everyone
glad
to finish
to to
help
be
thisin
happy
report
this way
slidesmania.com

                                              Od
                                                    Cadj
                                                 Co
 Classifications of subordinate clauses
2.2.By Function
B. Non- finite Nominal Clause
2. Nominal – ing clause
 The nominal -ing clause, a participle clause, occurs in the following positions:

• Appositive
Subject complement
      Ex:
    
     Ex:
Ex:The
Their
Teaching
problem
duty-him
staying
is is
finding
difficult
herea company
forever
task – made
willingme
tofeel
do itsorry
                     S
                                                                     Cs
                                              App
• Adjective
Direct object
Object complement
complement
      Ex:
    
     Ex:
Ex:IThe
Lan
see children
admitted
her walking
were
having
busy
problems
buildingatsandcastles
school
slidesmania.com

                                 
                            
                                                                  Cadj
Co Od
• Prepositional complement
       Ex: They were accused of stealing secret government documents
                                                                              Cprep
 Classifications of subordinate clauses
2.2.By Function
B. Non- finite Nominal Clause
3. Bare infinitive and verbless clauses
- The to of infinitive is optionally omitted in a clause which supplies a predication
corresponding to use of the pro-verb do:
       All I did was ( to ) turn off the gas
  -When the infinitive clause is initial, to has to be omitted:
        Turn off the tap was all I did. 
slidesmania.com
 Classifications of subordinate clauses
2.2.By Function
2.2.2. Adverbial Clause

Adverbial Clause

Clauses of time

clauses of place

 clauses of condition and concession

clauses of reason or cause

slidesmania.com

clauses of circumstance

clauses of purpose clauses of proportion and preference

clauses of result  clauses of manner and comparison

 2.2.By Function
2.2.2. Adverbial Clause

Clauses of time
- Finite adverbial clauses of time are introduced by such subordinators as: after, before, since, until, when, as soon as, once,…
Ex: + When I was 9, I was bitten by a dog.
      + I haven’t seen him since he left me. 
-The –ing clause may be introduced by: after, before, since, until, when(ever), and while
Ex: Cam did her English homework while studying Geography.
+ In addition, -ing clauses without a subject are also used to express time relationships.
Ex: After finishing my report, I went out with my girlfriend.
(~ After I had finishing my report)
slidesmania.com

-The –ed clause by: once, until, when(ever), and while.

Ex: Once published, the book cause a remarkable stir.
-The verbless clauses by: as soon as, once, when(ever), and while.
Ex: When in difficulty, consult the manual.
 2.2.By Function
2.2.2. Adverbial Clause

Clauses of place
Adverbial clauses of place are introduced by where or wherever:
Ex: You can go wherever you want
Non-finite and verbless clauses occur with both the subordinators:
Ex: Where(ver) known, such facts have been reported.
slidesmania.com
 2.2.By Function
2.2.2. Adverbial Clause

Clauses of condition and concession

 a,Alternative
b.
c,
d, Concessive
Universal
Conditional
conditional-concessive
conditional-concessive
clauses:
clauses:imply
stateathe
contrast
dependence
clauses
between
of one
two circumstance
circumstances.orPossible
set of circumstances
conjunctionson
are:
another.
although,
Finite
even
adverbial
though, clauses
though, of
while,

condition
whereas,
The correlative
universal
and
are even
introduced
conditional-concessive
sequence
if chiefly
whether…or…
by theclause,
subordinators
is a mean
introduced
of coordinating
if (positive
by one ofcondition)
the
twowh-compounds
subordinate
and unless
clauses,
(whatever,
(negative
combining
whoever,ect),
condition)
conditional
indicates
meaning
a freewith
choice from

Ex: Though
disjunctive
among
If you
anyare
meaning
number
hetravelling
looksofill,
conditions
he
north,
is really
you must
very change
strong. at Leeds

  Unless
Both
Ex: Whether
She
conditional
looks
you pay
they
pretty
by
and
beat
credit
whatever
concessive
us or
card,
weshe
beat
please
clauses
wears.
them,
pay
tend
we’ll
in to
cash.
assume
celebrate
initial
tonight.
position in the superordinate clause.

 (It means: even though she were to wear overalls or a space suit, she looks pretty)
slidesmania.com
 2.2.By Function
2.2.2. Adverbial Clause

Clauses of reason or cause

- Clauses of reason or cause are most commonly introduced by the conjunction: because, as, or since.

Ex: He sold the car because it was too small.

- Non-finite and verbless clauses can be used for cause, but without conjunction.

Ex: Being ill, I can’t go to school.

slidesmania.com
 2.2.By Function
2.2.2. Adverbial Clause

Clauses of sircumstance
Clauses of circumstance express a fulfilled condition or a relation between a premise (in the subordinate clause) and the conclusion

drawn from it (in the main clause). They are most commonly introduced by the conjunctions: because, since, or as

Ex: Since we have no money, we can’t buy this house.

 But in addition, there is a special circumstantial compound conjunction,  seeing (that).

Ex: Seeing that you won’t help me, I must do the job myself.

- Non-finite clauses and verbless clauses are often used, but without subordinator.
slidesmania.com

Ex: The weather having improved, we enjoyed the rest of the game.
 2.2.By Function
2.2.2. Adverbial Clause

Clauses of purpose
- Clauses of purpose are adjuncts, usually infinitival, introduced by: in order (for N) to, so as to.

Ex: Cam works hard so as to buy a new house.

 I gave you a map in order for you not to get lost.

- Finite clauses of purpose may be introduced by: so that or (more formally) by in order that or (so) that.

Ex: Thao Phuong dresses like that so that everyone will notice her.

 Some people eat in order that they may live.

slidesmania.com
 2.2.By Function
2.2.2. Adverbial Clause

Clauses of result
- Result clauses (disjuncts, placed finally in superordinate clauses) are factual rather than ‘putative’, so they may contain an ordinary

verb form without a modal auxiliary. They are introduced by so that (informally so)

Ex:

+ The coffee is so hot that I can not drink it.

+ The shops were closed, so I can’t buy milk tea for Thao Phuong.
slidesmania.com
 2.2.By Function
2.2.2. Adverbial Clause

Clauses of manner and comparison

- Clauses of manner are introduced by: (exactly) as, (just) as
- Clauses of manner are introduced by: (exactly) as, (just) as.
Ex: 
+ He loves flowers just as women love.
+ They fought as heroes do.
- Clauses of comparison are introduced by: as if, as thought.
Ex: 
+ It looks as though it is going to rain.
slidesmania.com

+ He dresses as if it were in winter even in the summer.

 2.2.By Function
2.2.2. Adverbial Clause

Clauses of proportion and preference

- Proportion clauses express a ‘proportionality’ or equivalence of tendency or degree between two circumstances, and either introduced
by: as…(so) or the…the plus comparatives.
Ex:
+ The sooner we leave, the earlier we will arrive.
- Clauses of preference are introduced by: rather than, sooner than, normally with a bare infinitive structure.
Ex:
+ Rather than use the last of my cash, I decided to write a cheque.
slidesmania.com
 Classifications of subordinate clauses
2.2.By Function

2.2.3. Comparative Clause

In English grammar, a comparative clause is a type of subordinate clause that follows the comparative form of an
adjective or adverb and begins with as, than, or like.
- As the name indicates, a comparative clause expresses a comparison
  Eg: Lan  is smarter than I am
She sings as beautifully as a singer.
slidesmania.com
 2.2.By Function
2.2.3. Comparative Clause

a) subject
Clause function of the  Eg: More people use this brand than  ( use )any other window-cleaning fluid
b) direct object
comp-element Eg: She knows more history than most people (know)
c) indirect object
Eg:  That toy has given more children happiness than any other (toy) (has)
d) subject complement
Eg:  Lionel is more relaxed than he used to be
▪ The comp-element of a e) object complement
comparative construction Eg: She thinks her children more obedient than (they were) last year
f)  adverbial
slidesmania.com

can be any of the clause Eg: You’ve been working much harder than I (have)
elements, apart from the g) prepositional complement
Eg: She’s applied for more jobs than Joyce (has (applied for)
verb
 2.2.By Function
2.2.3. Comparative Clause

a)    more… than, less… than, as… as

Clause function of the Eg: I weigh more than 100 pounds. Eg: Today is less cold than yesterday
b)    when more precedes an adjective in a NP, there may be ambiguity
comp-element Eg: Morion has more expensive clothes than I have
 c)    the sequence more of a… and less of a… occur with gradable singular noun heads
Eg: He’s more of a fool than I thought (he was).
   It was less of a success than I imagined (it would be)
 d)    when the contrast involves two points on the same scale, one higher than the other, the part
▪ there are some types of following than cannot be expanded into a clause, and is then functioning as a preposition in a
non clausal comparison: non clausal comparison:
Eg: It’s hotter than just warm
slidesmania.com

   She’s wiser than merely clever

e)    more than
Eg: I am more than happy to hear that
 2.2.By Function
2.2.3. Comparative Clause

a)    Mary
Eg: Lan enjoys
is cleverer
the theatre
than Jane
moreis than
pretty
Mai enjoys the theatre.
 Ellipsis in comparative
b)    Lan enjoys the theatre more than Mai enjoys it
clauses
c)    Lan  enjoys the theatre more than Mai does.
d)    Lan enjoys the theatre more than Mai.
e)    Lan enjoys the theatre more
▪ Standards
It’s the rule
Example ofofrather
comparison
than thein
optional
two
exception
clauses
ellipsis andinoptional
may
comparative
be different
slidesmania.com

constructionsby pronouns
substitutions
and by pro-predicate or pro-
predication:
 2.2.By Function
2.2.3. Comparative Clause

2.2.2. Adverbial Clause

Ambiguity ▪ When normal ellipsis is taken to its fullest extent, ambiguity can arise as to whether a
remaining NP is subject or object
Eg: He loves his dog more than his children
  + it can be resolved by using pronouns they or them
▪ sometimes them is used in both cases it is better to expand the clause (than they do, than he
* Through ellipsis  
does them) in sentences in which there’s danger of ambiguity
slidesmania.com
 2.2.By Function
2.2.3. Comparative Clause

Ambiguity ▪ When comparative constructions express the contrasting notions of sufficiency and excess,
they’re used with enough and too followed by a to-infinitive clause
Eg: They’re rich enough to own a car.
       They’re not too poor to own a car

* With “ enough and too” – if the context allows, the infinitive clause may be omitted, but if it’s used, it can have an overt
subject.
▪ after there may be ambiguity as to which identification to make
slidesmania.com

Eg: She was too young to date. (to date others or for others to date her)
 Classifications of subordinate clauses
2.2.By Function
Definition Characteristics

Type something here. Type something here.

2.2.4. Comment Clause

- A comment clause = brief clause inserted into a sentence, expressing the speaker's attitude towards what is being
said
- A comment clause, commonly heard in everyday speech and used in dialogue to give it a natural tone 

Word
Eg:  She was acting on impulse, I guess.
Examples Non-Examples
      I can't go home, I'm afraid
Type something here. Type something here.
slidesmania.com
 2.2.By Function
2.2.3. Comment Clause

Definition Characteristics

  - can be either disjuncts or conjuncts

  -  may occur initially, finally, or medially
  - have a separate tone unit
Eg: As you know, the concept of the suction pump is centuries old
    The presentation went quite well, I believe
 Features
    The Smiths, as you probably know, have been our neighbor for twenty years.
Examples Non-Examples
slidesmania.com
 2.2.By Function
2.2.3. Comment Clause

Definition Characteristics

1. Like a main clause

   Eg: At that time, I believe, he didn’t understand a thing
2. Like an adverbial clause  ( with as)
Eg: I’m a perfectionist, as you may know
3. Like a nominal relative clause as conjunct
Eg: What is more, we lost all our hope and courage  Forms
 4. To- infinitive clause as style disjunct
Eg: To be honest with you, I didn’t understand a thing he said
Examples
5. -ing clause as style disjunct Non-Examples
Eg: I’m concerned, speaking as a linguist, about the language of the young people
today
slidesmania.com
 Definition Characteristics

Examples Non-Examples
slidesmania.com