CONCEPTUAL

FRAMEWORK /
HYPOTHESIS
How to formulate the conceptual
Framework?
• STEP ONE – choose a research TOPIC
• STEP TWO – do a literature review.
• STEP THREE – identify specific variables
described in the literature and figure out
how are these related.
The start of constructing a conceptual
framework is often a cause-effect
relationship.
• STEP FOUR – generate your conceptual
framework. Build your conceptual
framework using your mix of variables
from the articles you read. Your problem
statement will serve as your reference in
constructing the conceptual framework.
STRATEGIC AND MECHANISM OF MOTIVATION IN
COMPENSATION IN SELECTED PRIVATE HIGHER EDUCATION
INSTITUTION IN NCR
 Example:
• Marj, a student, gets a perfect 100% on a
major exam, which surprises his classmates.
However, Marj has a very good explanation:
he studied for many hours (the cause) and
therefore scored well (the result/effect).
• Marj is so excited when he realizes that his
hard work has resulted in a great score that
he decides he wants to write his research
project based on his experience. (Swaen,
2015)
Sample Conceptual Framework

Hours of Study
Exam Score
(Independent
(Dependent Variable)
Variable )
• Ex. #1. A few years back, I answered a
simple questionnaire soliciting my
feedback on the product of a pizza shop.
The questionnaire sought my rating of
pizza taste, service speed and the
courtesy of the server.
 Conceptual Framework

Pizza Taste

Speed Service Customer

Satisfaction

Waiter Courtesy
 Conceptual Framework
• Ex. #2. Girrafes stretch their necks to reach
the leaves of tall, flat topped trees in the
savanna. If they do not stretch their necks,
then their necks would be shorter. And these
traits will be passed on to its offspring.
(Regoniel,2012)
• Two variables in this case may be used.
These are the length of necks of girrafes and
their habitat – a place where they can stretch
their necks to feed and a place where they
need not to do so.(Regoniel,2012)
 Conceptual Framework

Type of Habitat
1.A place where the giraffe needs
to stretch its neck to feed. Length of
Giraffe’s Neck
2.A place where the giraffe need
not to stretch its neck to feed.
• Ex. #3. A researcher wants to know the
Academic Performance of Business Students
in Quantitative Courses at the UAE University.
It could assumed that students majoring in
Accounting, Finance, and MIS and Statistics
will perform better in quanti.courses than those
majoring in Economics, Management and
Marketing. Students who are majoring in
science in the high school will perform better
than those majoring in arts. And students also
with high GPA. Furthermore, it can be
assumed that students who attended private
high schools will perform better in quantitative
courses than those who attended public high
schools.
 High School
Field of Study
Major

Academic
Performance in
Quantitative
Courses

Type of High
GPA
School
 Research Hypothesis
• A hypothesis is an educated prediction that
provides an explanation for an observed
event. An observed event is a measurable
result or condition. If you can’t measure it,
then you can’t form a hypothesis about it
because you can’t confirm or reject it.
(Chandrawashi,2016)
• Ex. If you are curious about the effects of
lights on studying.
• Q.What is the effect of bright light on
studying?
 How to formulate a research
Hypothesis
• Q. What is the effect of bright light on
studying?
• Let us use the “if-then statement”.
• Alternative Hypothesis: If I increase the
amount of light during studying, then the
participant’s performance on test scores
will decrease.
• Operationalizing is finding a way to
measure or quantify a variable.
 How to State the Null
Hypothesis
• Null Hypothesis – is defined as a
prediction that there will be no effect
observed during the study.
• This also ensure that their research can be
proven false.
• And a counterbalance that there is a way
to disprove your predictions.
Example:
• Q1. How do managers feel about the
organization?
• Alternative Hypothesis: There is a
significant relationship between the age of
managers and their attitudes towards the
reorganization.
• Null Hypothesis: There is no significant
relationship between the age of managers
and their attitudes towards the
reorganization.
• Q2. What do residents feel are the most
important problems facing the community?
• Alternative Hypothesis: There is a
significant difference between white and
minority residents with respect to what
they feel are the most important problems
facing the community.
• Null Hypothesis: There is no significant
difference between white and minority
residents with respect to what they feel are
the most important problems facing the
community.