SPECIAL INTEREST TOURISM

THM 319
BY ÖZLEM YAMAK
 CLASS RULES

 NO Phones OR music 
 Respect yourself and me
 Don’t talk when I am talking
You will lose attendance
 Do NOT be late ! 
 You must sign the register in EVERY class !
 Make notes 
It will help you on exams
 ASK if you don’t understand.
WORLD TOURISM DAY
• It is celebrated annually on 27 September since 1980. Its purpose is to
foster awareness among the international community of the importance
of tourism and its social, cultural, political and economic value. The event
seeks to address global challenges outlined in the UN Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs) and to highlight the contribution the tourism
sector can make in reaching these goals.
• Thailand and Qatar have been selected to be the official host countries for
World Tourism Day (WTD) in 2016 and 2017 respectively
• WTD 2016 will be celebrated under the theme of “Tourism for All -
promoting universal accessibility” and WTD 2017 under the theme of
“Sustainable Tourism – a tool for development”.
• “The message on this World Tourism Day is that, thanks to tourism,
millions of people from different cultures are being brought together
around the world like never before,” said UNWTO Secretary-General, Taleb
Rifai. “This interaction between people of different backgrounds and ways
of life represents an enormous opportunity to advance tolerance, respect
and mutual understanding”. 
• In 2010, 940 million tourists travelled to a different country, coming into direct
contact with tangible – art, monuments – and intangible – music, food, traditions –
culture. World Tourism Day 2011 is a celebration of this unique interaction and aims
at furthering understanding of the values of cultural diversity.  

• World Tourism Day 2011 will also draw attention to the importance of preserving and
promoting the cultures of the world in all their forms. Culture, which compels
millions of tourists to travel and spend, is of immense value in itself, but is also a vital
tool for the development of a sustainable tourism sector. As such, it must be
thoughtfully managed and protected, as set out in the Global Code of Ethics for
Tourism which states that: “Tourism policies and activities should be conducted with
respect for the artistic, archaeological and cultural heritage, which they should
protect and pass on to future generations”.

• “Culture is one of our most precious assets and needs protecting. As we launch
World Tourism Day 2011, I call on all people to conduct tourism in a way that
preserves and enriches the cultural wealth of the world for future generations,” said
Mr. Rifai.     
• The Global Code of Ethics for Tourism sets a frame of reference for the
responsible and sustainable development of world tourism. It draws
inspiration from many similar declarations and industry codes that have
come before and it adds new thinking that reflects our changing society
at the beginning of the 21st century.
• With international tourism forecast to reach 1.6 billion arrivals by 2020,
members of the World Tourism Organization believe that the Global
Code of Ethics for Tourism is needed to help minimize the negative
impacts of tourism on the environment and on cultural heritage while
maximizing the benefits for residents of tourism destinations.
• The Global Code of Ethics for Tourism is intended to be a living
document. Read it. Circulate it widely. Participate in its implementation.
Only with your cooperation can we safeguard the future of the tourism
industry and expand the sector's contribution to economic prosperity,
peace and understanding among all the nations of the world.
 TOURISM ORGANISATIONS

3 Sectors within the tourism industry are:

1. Private
2. Public (Government) Organisations
3. Regulatory Bodies
 TOURISM ORGANISATIONS

1. PRIVATE ORGANISATIONS
 Privately owned company
 No government/civil servants, employees
Example: Tour operator, transport provider, travel
agency.
 TOURISM ORGANISATIONS
2. PUBLIC/GOVERNMENT ORGANISATIONS
 Most countries have a governmental department for tourism – national,
regional, local level. Government has 8 roles (Hall, 2000).
• Co-ordination: Sharing information, communication, with agencies (Public
and Private).
• Planning + Controlling the development of tourism.
• Legislation + Regulation: Employment, immigration, visa regulations
• Stimulation: Increasing tourism supply with incentives (tax relief,
sponsorship, marketing, promotion).
• Marketing + Promotion: Increasing interest in a destination and branding.
• Entrepreneurship: Government own or operate tourism ventures, or own
and manage land.
• Providing social tourism: Opportunities for under-privilaged communities
• Protector of the Public Interest: Act as ‘intermediary’ in case of conflict or
competing interest.
 TOURISM ORGANISATIONS

3. REGULATORY BODIES
 For maintaining standards within the tourism industry. There are 3:
• Public Reg. B. : International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO), The Air
Transport Association (IATA), United Federation of Travel Agents
Association (UFTA), United Nations World Tourism Organisation
(UNWTO).
• Supranational Reg. B : Cover a number of countries (geographical area).
Bodies associated with regional trading blocks. ASEAN (Association of
South-East Asia Nations), NAFTA (North American Free Trade Area), EU.
• National Reg. B. : Regulates and monitors travel and tourism within a
nation. ABTA (Association of British Travel Agent), ATOL (Air Transport
Operators Licence), CAA (Civil Aviation Authority).
History of Travelling
Wealthy people have always travelled to distant parts of the world, to see
great buildings, work of arts, learn new language, experience new cultures
and to taste different cuisines.
1. Leisure Travel: Its started after Industrial Revolution in the United
Kingdom where the first European country to promote leisure time to the
increasing industrial population. Initially this applied to the owners of
machinery of production, the factory owners and the traders.

2. Winter Tourism: Since that year of 1865 in St. Moritz (Swiss) many daring
hotel managers choose to risk opening their hotels in winter but it was
only in the seventies of the 20th centry when winter tourism took over
the lead from summer tourism (Sea, sun sand) in many of the Swiss ski
resorts.
History of Travelling
3. Mass Tourism: It developed with the improvements in technology,
allowing the transport of large numbers of people in a short space of
time to places of leisure interest, so that greater numbers of people
could begin to enjoy the benefits of leisure time.

4. Adjectival or Alternative Tourism: Its refers to the numerous niche (niche

is part of a wider usage of biological /ecological metaphors that informs
business theory and practice) or speciality travel forms of tourism that
have emerged over the years, each with its own objective. Such as eco-
tourism, heritage tourism, medical tourism, space tourism, dark tourism,
adventure tourism etc…
Characteristics of Mass Tourism: Its emerged in 1960-70s, linked with the 3 S’s –
‘Package Holiday’, Thomas Cook – ‘The father of the Package Holiday’

 Collective consumption by undifferentiated tourists.

 Collective gaze of tourists- focused on signifiers designed to concentrate
tourists’ seasonally polarized consumption.
 Demands for familiarity by tourists.
 Undifferentiated product – similarity of facilities and experiences.
 Rigidity of production – highly standardized, large scale, depended on scale
economies.
 Low prices – importance of discounting and price cutting.
 Large numbers of tourists related to a circuit of mass production.

Source: Shaw, Gareth, Allan M. Williams. Tourism and Tourism Spaces. Sage Publications Ltd. 2009.
 COMPARISION OF MASS T. & ALTERNATIVE T.
MASS TOURİSM ALTERNATIVE TOURISM
General Features General Features
• Rapid development • Slow development
• Maximises • Optimises
• Socially, environmentally inconsiderate • Socially, environmentally considerate
aggressive cautions
• Short term • Long term
• Remote control • Stable
• Unstable • Value consciousness
• Price consciously • Qualitative
• Quantitative • Development
• Growth • Staggered holiday periods, no necessarily
• Peak holiday periods seasonal
• Capacity for average seasonal demand
• Capacity for high seasonal demand
• Development only in suitable places
• Tourism development for everywhere
Tourist Behaviour
Tourist Behaviour
• Singles, families, small groups
• Large groups
• Spontaneous decisions
• Fixed program
• Tourist decided
• Tourists directed
• Demanding and active
• Comfortable and passive
CONCEPTUALIZING SPECIAL INTEREST TOURISM (SIT)

Tourists are looking for emotional stimuli, they want to buy feelings and not
products.

SIT emerged as a major force in the 1980s.

Multiplicity of terms have emerged including: ‘alternative’, ‘sustainable’,

‘appropriate’, ‘new’, ‘responsible’, and ‘eco tourism’ to capture the underpinning
notions of , serious leisure and tourism.

They point out that there is an underlying ambiguity in all terms, including the new
term of ‘SIT’, in that tourism donotes mass participation while ‘special interest’
suggest non-commercialized individual travel.
o Sustainable Tourism: The concept of sustainability has developed
with the realisation that environmental resources are limited on our
planet. Highlighted by the 1987 World Commission on Environment
and Development’s (WCED) Our Common Future (1987) and the
1992 AGENDA 21, sustainability has come to mean meeting the
needs of the present generation without compromising the needs
of future generation.
 Three dimensions or ‘pillars’ of sustainable development are now recognized an
underlined. These are:
• Economic sustainability, which means generating prosperity at different levels of
society and addressing the cost effectiveness of all economic activity. Crucially, it is
about the viability of enterprises and activities and their ability to be maintained in
the long term.
• Social sustainability, which means respecting human rights and equal
opportunities for all in society. It requires an equitable distribution of benefits,
with a focus on alleviating poverty. There is an emphasis on local communities,
maintaining and strengthening their life support systems, recognizing and
respecting different cultures and avoiding any form of exploitation.
• Environmental sustainability, which means conserving and managing resources,
especially those that are not renewable or are precious in terms of life support. It
requires action to minimize pollution of air, land and water, and to conserve
biological diversity and natural heritage.

It is important to appreciate that these three pillars are in many ways

interdependent and can be both mutually reinforcing or in competition. Delivering
sustainable development means striking a balance between them.
o Responsible Tourism is tourism ‘that creates better places for people to
live in, and better places to visit’.
The 2002 Cape Town Declaration on Responsible Tourism in Destinations
defines Responsible Tourism as follows:
• minimises negative economic, environmental and social impacts
• generates greater economic benefits for local people and enhances the
well being of host communities
• improves working conditions and access to the industry
• involves local people in decisions that affect their lives and life chances
• makes positive contributions to the conservation of natural and cultural
heritage embracing diversity
• provides more enjoyable experiences for tourists through more
meaningful connections with local people, and a greater understanding of
local cultural, social and environmental issues
• provides access for physically challenged people
• is culturally sensitive, encourages respect between tourists and hosts,
and builds local pride and confidence”
• Responsible tourism is fast becoming a global trend. Operators,
destinations and industry organisations in South Africa, the United
Kingdom, United States, the Gambia, India, Sri Lanka, are already
practicing Responsible Tourism, and this list is growing. Recognising the
global significance of Responsible Tourism World Travel Market, one of the
world’s largest travel exhibitions, has created
World Responsible Tourism Day, to be celebrated annually during
November. World Responsible Tourism Day is endorsed by the
World Tourism Organisation and World Travel and Tourism Council.
• Things that Responsible Tourism is not: Responsible Tourism is not
another form of ‘niche tourism’ – Responsible Tourism is about the legacy
and the consequences of tourism – for the environment, local people and
local economies. Responsible Tourism does not only take place in
protected natural environments – Any tourism business, whether located
in a thriving metropolis, a desert, rural village, sub-tropical island,
medieval town – can be a Responsible Tourism operation.
• How Responsible Tourism differs from Sustainable Tourism
Responsible tourism and sustainable tourism have an identical goal, that
of sustainable development. The pillars of responsible tourism are
therefore the same as those of sustainable tourism – environmental
integrity, social justice and maximising local economic benefit. The major
difference between the two is that, in responsible tourism, individuals,
organisations and businesses are asked to take responsibility for their
actions and the impacts of their actions. This shift in emphasis has taken
place because not much progress has been made on realising sustainable
tourism since the Earth Summit in Rio. This is partly because everyone has
been expecting others to behave in a sustainable way. The emphasis on
responsibility in responsible tourism means that everyone involved in
tourism – government, product owners and operators, transport operators,
community services, NGO’s and CBO’s, tourists, local communities,
industry associations – are responsible for achieving the goals of
responsible tourism. GITPAC International is the first implementing agency
of Responsible Tourism in four destination in kerala for Department of
Tourism Government of Kerala.
 The forces that are driving the growth in Responsible Tourism
• Planet Panic: Globally, concerns about global warming, destruction of the environment, erosion of
cultures and lifestyles, and millions of people still living in poverty, are increasing. The number of initiatives
aimed at saving some part of the environment, or improving the living conditions for the world’s
vulnerable people, increases by the day. This heightened awareness of the earth’s crisis is spilling over into
the way people behave in their homes, how they spend their money and the way businesses are run.
Driven by changing personal ethics, individuals contribute financially or otherwise to environmental and
humanitarian initiatives. They are also changing their buying patterns. There is a major upswing in
responsible or ethical consumerism in the UK and in other major European markets. In the UK, the market
share for ethical products grew by 22% between 1999 and 2004.
• Customers increasingly demand it: Increasing numbers of consumers are looking at the reputation and
responsibility of the companies they buy from; they want to have “guilt free” holidays. This affects their
direct purchases from companies in tourism destinations and it influences the choices of source market
companies too. UK and other European and Australian companies and increasingly American companies
are asking about the responsibility of their suppliers and introducing check lists which rate the
sustainability of their practices.
• Responsible tourism makes business sense: A significant, and growing, number of tourists are looking for
a better experience, a better quality product. They are looking for experiences which enable them to get
closer to the “real” living culture of countries and to experience our diverse natural and cultural heritage.
This is a global trend in the established markets as consumer expectations of their holidays change, people
are taking more, shorter trips, and they expect to get more from them. In commercial market research UK
holidaymakers were asked whether or not they would be more likely to book a holiday with a company if
they had a written code to guarantee good working conditions, protect the environment and support
charities in the tourist destination. In 1999 45% said yes, when the question was asked again in 2001 52%
said yes. It is a market trend that any tourism business cannot ignore. Responsible Tourism makes business
sense because a growing proportion of consumers are looking for a better product. This trend implies that
tourism businesses that practice Responsible Tourism will have a powerful competitive advantage over
other tourism products.
SIT as the Tourism Product – SUPPLY
 SIT was seen as a ‘prime force in the expansion of tourism’ in 1980s.

 Product range having expanded, from that of a boutique product to a

mainstream offering, ‘special interest’ can be found on web pages either
by checking the list of special interests/activities (e.g. Sport, wine, culture,
painting, adventure, opera, battle fields…), or by geographic area (e.g.
Asia, Europe…), of interest and/or affinity groups (e.g. Seniors, women,
gay…), with tour operators catering for every special interest around the
world.

 Operators have diversified their offering to attract the large market

segment of the ‘soft’ or ‘novice’ end of spectrum, and intervening stages,
either based on their own expertise within the field of special interest or
their awareness of the growing latent and salient consumer demand.
SIT as the Tourism Product: SUPPLY
 Constant reciprocal exchange between supply and demand influences the
evolvement growth and access to new leisure and tourism experiences.

 Technology, time squeeze, space contract, affluence and increased

availability of leisure equipment and travel products have impacted on
leisure and travel trends and diversified activities and destinations from
the ‘old’ to the ‘new’.

 It becomes possible to ‘re-pacage’ in ways within which environment may

certain the appropriate mix of new or old activities done in a new way to
optimally arousing, with the individual believing that 1) She/he has
enough ability to succeed at the task, 2) possessing a positive role in
sustaining the quality of one’s life and promote personal growth. In short,
to repeat, experiences are sold on the premise of being life enhancing.
SIT – DEMAND
 According to WTO tourism consumption patterns reflect the increasing
diversity of interests of the late-modern leisure society with ‘SIT’ having
emerged reflecting the new values which include ‘increased importance
of outdoor activities, awareness of ecological problems, educational
advances, aesthetic judgement and improvement of self and society’
(self-improvement and concern for society).

 New tourism prefixed with specific descriptors, such as ecotourism,

adventure tourism, cultural tourism and ‘SIT’, serve to indicate qualitative
difference from those of mass tourism, thereby ‘promoting socially just
forms of tourism’, that meet tourists needs to engage in models of
behaviour that, at best, again, enhance sense of self, and at worst, may be
‘justified’ as being socially responsible.
SIT – DEMAND

The tourist in the 21st century is ‘searching for new and exciting
forms of travel in defiance of a mass-produced product’ yet without
‘actually having to involve themselves in any way’, a reflection of
increasing commodification and depersonalization within modern and
post-modern society. Commodification has changed tourism experiences
in the 21st century from that of the traditional search for the totally
unknown, the utmost challenging and dangerous to that of safety and
comfort.
DEFINITIONS OF SIT
 Its difficult, but not impossible to define SIT.

 Hall and Weiler (1992) proposed SIT to occur when the ‘traveler’s motivation
and decision-making are primarily determined by a particular special interest
with a focus either on activity/ies and/or destinations and settings’.

 Douglas et al. (2001) accordingly suggest that ‘SIT, or alternative tourism’…..

has ‘emerged from concerns for the delivery of sustainable tourism’.

 At the same time they present a definition of SIT by Derret (2001) as ‘the
provision of customized leisure and recreational experiences driven by the
specific expressed interest of individuals and groups’.
 It has been recognised that the term ‘SIT’ comprises two major indicators:
first, ‘special interest’, which suggests a need to consider the leisure
context; second, ‘tourism’, pointing to the commercialization of leisure,
which relates to as ‘new tourism’…… being ‘large-scale packaging of
non-standardized leisure services’.

 Special Interest Tourism may be defined as a form of tourism which

involves consumers whose holiday choice is inspired by specific
motivations and whose level of satisfaction is determined by the
experience they pursue.
SUMMARY: Reasons For Change and Growth from Mass to SIT
 As the tourism industry has matured an tourists become knowledgeable,
have high levels of disposable income, considerable leisure time,
sophisticated special types of services and products have developed to
meet their travel needs.
 Both the leisure and business travel markets are affected by these changes
and pressures. Competitive pressure of tourism market/suppliers are
constantly innovating ways to differentiate themselves from other
suppliers and improve their products.
 There is now a demand for a better quality products, which has resulted in
a fragmenting of a mass market for beach vacations. People want more
specialised versions, quiter resorts, family oriented holidays or niche-
market targeted destination hotels.
 In a globalisation world as a great numbers of people travel, the tourists
look for different travel experiences, new tourism products become
profitable.
SPECIAL INTEREST TOURISM IN THE WORLD
 RELIGIOUS TRAVEL

 Travel to certain destinations for strong religious purposes such as visiting Mecca
in Daudi Arabia, the Vatican or Holly Land in Israel.
 Visiting European Cathedrals, Fatima in Lisbon, Santiago de Campostela in Spain,
Ephesus in Turkey.
 Religious oriented travel has been around since the first pilgrimages. In recent
years it has developed into a much longer and more segmented market.
 Traditional Approach: wander foreign lands until you find a site that seems holy to
you.
 Many younger religious travelers want a vacation that combines faith with fus, and
churches recognize a need for an active religious vacation.
 In the past 5 to 10 years, religious market has transitioned from a
‘poverty/penitential travel mentality’ to a ‘first-class travel mentality’.
 Religious travelers, including church groups, have recognized that spiritual healing
fits naturally with physical healing, or with active pursuits like skiing and hiking.
 In Cyprus examples are Apostolos Andreas Monastry in Karpas Peninsula and Hala
Sultan Lodge in Larnaka
 ECO-TOURISM
 The General Assembly of United nations proclaimed the year 2002 as ‘The
International Year of Eco-tourism’. Multilateral development institutions such
as the World Bank, the Global Environment Facility, governments in
developing countries, the tourism industry as well as local non-governmental
organisations all over the world count on eco-tourism as a supposed panacea
for development and biodiversity protection. With assumed annual growth
rates from ten up to thirty percent, eco-tourism is often praised as the most
dynamic sector in the tourism industry (www.ecotourism.org). But some of
the stakeholders in the tourism industry seem to use a very extended
definition of ecotourism. It includes wildlife watching as well as adventure
tourism. Tourism products that are advertised under the label ‘eco’ often only
have in common, that they take place in nature (i.e. Büyükkonuk ). A lot of
these offers can be called ‘eco-tourism light’. They only add visits to protected
areas to regular package tours, for instance. The concept of ‘eco-tourism’
seems to share this fate with the concept of ‘sustainable development’,
everybody talks about it and everybody defines it in accordance with one’s
own interests.
 There are only few ecotourism projects which can really create
opportunities for sustainable development within a region. Most of these
projects are of a manageable size, and have been established in
cooperation with or by non-governmental organisations (NGO) that are
engaged in nature protection schemes. The affected local communities
actively and intensively participate in the planning and implementation of
these projects. A factor that is often decisive for the success of a project is
the commitment of some dedicated individuals who push the projects
against the many obstacles. But even projects with excellent starting
conditions struggle with problems. This is not surprising. Having
ecological, social, cultural and economical goals at the same a lot of
opportunities for ecotourism to fail. The different goals are not always
compatible with each other.
 Every project has its own character, develops its own dynamics, and needs
an individual strategy. This strategy usually is based on the ecological,
political, social and cultural uniqueness of a region.
 Eco-tourism, also known as ecological tourism, is a form of tourism that
appeals to the ecological and socially conscious individuals.
 Gained much attention in recent years.
 Physical environment is the focus of the touristic activity.
 BENEFITS:
 Provides a first-hand active experience of a place.
 Provides an educational experience.
 Develops visitors’ understanding and appreciation of the place visited.
 Promothes both appropriate behaviours and conservative ethic.
 Environmentally responsible and uses various strategies to minimize
negative impacts.
 Maximizes local economic returns.
 Eco-tourism destination countries and major sites and activities.
 Costa Rica: Cloud forests, turtles, swamps and volcanoes.
 Belize: for its Mayan sites.
 Brazil: national park
 Ecuador: Galapagos Islands.
 Kenya: wildlife reserves.
 Peru: bird watching
 South Africa: game and nature reserves.
 Cyprus: Büyükkonuk, turtles, endemic orcids, Herbarium
 CULTURAL HERITAGE TOURISM
 Travelling the experience the places, artifacts and activities that
authentically represent the stories and people of the past and present. It is a
form of travel that has been used to explore cultural heritage and/or
enhance our cultural identity. In short, cultural, historic, and natural
resources all make up heritage tourism sites.
 Includes: tourism in urban areas, particularly historic or large cities and their
cultural facilities such as museums and theatres. Also, includes tourism in
rural areas showing the traditions of indigenous cultural communities (i.e.
Festivals, rituals, …) and their values and lifestyle.
 Cultural tourism and eco-tourism are usually closely related.
 Both policy-makers and tourist industry view culture as one part of the total
tourism product, rather than as a distinct market segment to be developed.
 As the issue of globalisation takes place, the challenge of preserve the new
remaining cultural community around the world is becoming hard. The
meeting between modern tourist and in the context of a tourist experience
can have significant impacts upon the local traditional societies.
BENEFITS:
 It is generally agreed that cultural tourists spend substantially more than
standard tourists do. A study by the Travel Industry Association in 2003 shows
that heritage travelers stay longer at their destinations and spend more money
there than other types of travelers. A more recent State of American Traveler
Survey done in 2008 states that over 70% of travelers visited one or more of the
following cultural heritage attractions: historic attraction; state, local or national
park; an art gallery or museum, concert, play or musical; or an ethnic or
ecological heritage sites.
 Cultural heritage tourists are active participants, learning and experiencing the
‘other’ they visited. According to above research travelers say that trips are
more memorable if they include a heritage activity where they learn
something. Many visitors said that they extended their stay because of a
heritage activity. The majority of these travelers stay over night at local hotels,
motels, B&B, or campgrounds. Heritage travelers also tend to put money back
into the community spending on average $ 166 more than other types of
travelers per trip.
 www.tia.org/researchpubs/executive_summaries_historic_cultural.htm www.
destinationanalysis.com/SATJuly2008.pdf www.culturalheritagetourism.org/
HowToGetStarted.htm
.
BENEFITS (to continue)
 One of the principle objectives of cultural heritage tourism is
collaboration with local organisations and the public to develop
sustainable economics. Tourism creates jobs, new business opportunities,
and strengthens local economies.
 It protects natural and cultural resources, which improve quality of life for
residents and travellers who participate in the services and attractions.
 Heritage tourism also promotes community pride by allowing people to
work together to enhance economic and cultural development throught
distinct community opportunities. Studies show that travelers are more
apt to visit places with a strong community identity. However, this influx of
visitors and infrastructure (i.e. Road, telephone) needed to support them
can put a major strain on the very resources that attract the visitors in the
first place. It is imperative to protect those cultural heritage resources
while drawing attention to them
 The keys to a successful cultural heritage program are 5 principles
developed by the National Trust are:
1. Collaborate
2. Find the fit between a community and tourism
3. Make sites and programs come alive
4. Focus on quality and authenticity
5. Preserve and protect resources

www.preservationnation.org
www.achp.gov
www.placeconomics.com
 Cultural Heritage Tourism Examples
 In Phoenix, the Puoblo Grande Museum, in Arizona, USA: preserves and
interprets the 1,500 year old ruins of a Hohokam village
 Amish Community living in Lancester Country, USA.
 Cappadokia in Göreme
 Ephesus
 Topkapı Palace, Hagia Sophia, Basilica Citrin in Istanbul
 Whirling Dervishes Ceremony (Turkey is a wonderful mosaic of old and
new. All co-existing in harmony).
 Chaldikini is well-established destination with 3 peninsulas: Kassandra,
Sithoria, Mount Athos in Greece.
 In South Cyprus: Cyprus Museum of Natural History, Nicosia. Pierides
Museum. Thalassa Ayia Napa Municipal Museum. Tombs of the Kings in
Pafos. (Video about Olive Mill---oleastro.com.cy)
 In North Cyprus: St. Sophia Cathedral, Otello Castle, Kyrenia Castle,
Mevlevi Tekke….)
 ADVENTURE TOURISM
 Adventure tourism is a type of niche tourism involving exploration or
travel to remote, exotic and possibly hostile areas where the traveler are
provided a challenge, thrill or intensive experience.
 It is rapidly growing in popularity a tourists seek unusual holidays,
different from the typical beach vacation.
 Usually include 2 of the following 3 components: a physical activity, a
cultural exchange or interaction and engagement with nature.
 In general, adventure tourism relies on natural, environmental features,
such as mountains, rivers, forests, and the like.
 One of the most famous examples of adventure tourism has been the
hunting Safari in Africa.
 Another well-known form is mountain climbing.
 HEALTH TOURISM
 Health tourism refers to travel to facilities and destinations for obtaining
health-care services or health-related benefits. It is arapidly-growing practice
of traveling to another country to obtain health care.
 Such services typically include elective procedures as well as complex
specialized surgeries.
 Medical tourism dates back thousands of years to when Greek pilgrims
traveled from all over the Mediterranean to the small territory in the Saronic
Gulf called Epidauria.
 Spa towns may be considered an early form of medical tourism. The 3 main
forms of health tourism are:
1. Medical Care
2. Fitness and wellness
3. Rehabilitation and recuparation
 Popular medical travel worlwide destinations include: India, Cuba, Colombia,
Hungary, Malaysia, The Philippines, Singapore, South Africa and Thailand.
 In Cyprus: Kaplıca and
 NEW AGE TOURISM
 People who censider themselves part of the New Age movement share a
belief in the importance of learning from ancient cultures, encompassing
spirituality, metaphysics, yoga, meditation, natural healing, herbology and
communion.
 The sites visited in New Age tourism are in their very nature sacred sites
dating from the pre Christianity era, such as Stone henge, the Easter
Islands, and the Great Pyramids in Egypt.
 Another branch of New Age tourism centers on physical health, offering
yoga, gided, meditation, exercise, massage, and organic vegetarian and
other diets. Destinations such as Sedona, Arizona (U. S.), Bali (Indonesia)
or Dominico in the Carebbean are chosen for their natural attributes and
spiritual energ in healing.
 The promise is that a natural approach to physical health leads to spritual
health and fulfillment.
 EDUCATION TOURISM
 The term education tourism generally refers to travel in which the learning
occurs within a structured or formal program.
 A familiar and popular form of educational tourism is the ‘study abroad’
program, in which students attend schools or programs (usually for a
semester or academic year) in another location, often in a foreign country.
 One of the most popular reasons for attending a foreign school is to learn
language and culture of the destination. Tours are centered around
significant historical, cultural, or scientific sites and are often led by a
teacher with expertise in these sites.
 SPORT TOURISM
 Sport tourism incudes travel to participate in a passive sport holiday (ex.
Sports events and sports museums) or an active sport holiday (ex. Scuba
diving, cycling, golf), and it may involve instances where either sport or
tourism are the dominant activity or reason for travel. Therefore, define
sport tourism as al forms of active and passive involvement in sporting
activity, participated in casually or in an organised way for non-commercial
or business/commercial reasons that necessitate travel away from home
and work locality. In summary, it has 3 dimensional concept involving
sport and tourism are:
1. Travel to play sport,
2. Travel to watch sport,
3. Travel to sport activities.
 Parks et al point out when discussing differences in Sport and Sports
management. Sports implies a collective of separate activities such as golf,
soccer, hocker, volleyball, softball, and gymnastics items in a series that can
be counted. Sport however is a collective noun that includes all activities
that meet criteria, not just a few that may be placed on list.
 Therefore sports tourism focuses upon competitive sporting travel whereas
the term sport tourism is a far broader concept which embraces sport as
being both recrational as well as competitive both institutionalised and
transitory.
 Sport Tourism Attractions
 Olympic Museum Lausanne, Switzerland
 Hall of Fame Cooperation, NewYork
 Wimbelden Museum, UK: state of the art museum features exhibits and
arteffects never seen before as well as audio guides in 8 different language.
 Mc Enroe’s Ghost: a scene from Wimbelden’s past. In recration of the 1980s
Gentlemen’s Dressing Room, a ghost-like image of John Mc Enroe appears
and takes you throug a tour of the normally off-limits area.
 PHOTOGRAPHIC TOURISM
 Stereotypical image of tourists taking pictures of all that they encounter
highlights the ongoing relationship between photography and tourism. A
relationship that can be tracked back to the significant technological
develpments of the 19th century which saw the invention of photography
closely followed by key advancements in travel and tourism.
 It has been stated that travel is the ‘search for the photogenic’ or ‘a strategy for
accumulating photographs’.
 Psychological benefits of photographic holidays:
 Protection against time: providing a tangiblle rremainder of past memories and
experiences in the form of photograph
 Communication with others and expression of feelings
 Self-realization: powerof photographer to take or appropriate people, places and
objects and to control how an image is represented as a result of his/her artistic
and technical skills
 Social prestige
 Distraction or escape: to engage in an activity that serves as a distraction from
the routines and responsibilities of everyday life.
 SPACE TOURISM

 Space Tourism is the term that's come to be used to mean ordinary

members of the public buying tickets to travel to space and back. Many
people find this idea futuristic. But over the past few years a growing
volume of professional work has been done on the subject, and it's now
clear that setting up commercial space tourism services is a realistic target
for business today.
 The first steps will just be short sub-orbital flights, like Alan Shepard made in
1961, since these are easier than getting to orbit. But the technical know-
how to make passenger launch vehicles and orbiting hotel accommodation
is available, and there is enormous unsatisfied demand - market research
has revealed that most people, at least in the industrialized countries, would
like to take a trip to space if it was possible. This gives huge scope for
reducing the cost of space travel by large-scale operation like airlines.
 Space tourism is an idea whose time has come. It's going to start soon, and
it's going to grow rapidly, generating the funds needed to open up space to
a wide range of human activities.
 TRIBAL TOURISM ‘CANNIBAL TOURS’
 At the tribal tour there is an interactions between a group of tourists and tribal
people as they try to understand each other within the context of being ‘host’ and
‘guest’.
 Tourists wants to explore primitives, and their exotic life styles. They want to
search authenticity.
 Dennis O’Rourke’s documentary film, ‘Cannibal Tours’ is a film portrayting two
different worlds of the rich Western tourists and Iatmul people who live along the
Sepik River, Papua New Guinea. It can be looked at as an etnographic film. It
centres around a group of journey. Travelling with a luxury cruise ship along the
Sepik River. Tourists visit number of villages along the way and number of host-
guest encounters occur when cultural and economic exchanges take place which
may act as a sort of metaphor for local –global encounters- but not in the way that
might at first be thought. The title of the film derives from the tourist’s fascination
with cannibalism that used to be a tradition amongst the latmul people. The
tourists want to see and feel and touch the places where cannibalism was once
practiced. However, they would prefer to do it from a safe point of view, from a
point of louxry tourism.
 Other tribal people anywhere: Africa, Asia, South Africa, Sami people of
Finland.
 www.aso.gov.au videos about cannibal tours.