VAPOR –LIQUID

EQUILIBRIUM
IN SINGLE STAGE
DISTILLATION
 DISTILLATION
• Distillation is process to separate components in
the liquids based on difference of boiling point.

Separation requirements by distillation :

• Has a difference of boiling point / pure vapor
pressure.
• Have an high relative volatility (α ).
• Does not form an azeotropic mixture

Relative Volatility
In binary solution relative volatility is defined as the
ratio of concentration A and B in the vapor phase
compared to the ratio of concentration A and B in the
liquid phase

y A / yB PA
 or 
x A / xB PB
x A  xB  1 x A
yA 
y A  yB  1 1  (  1) x A
 Q1 Q2
A,B

V1 , yA1 , Hv1

A,B
A,B A,B
A,B

t o , Lo , tbp , Lo , xA0 t1 , Lo
xA0, Ho
A,B

Mass balance : L1 , xA1 , HL1

Lo = L1 + V1 yA1 > xAo > xA1
Lo(xAo) = L1 (xA1) + V1(yA1)
Heat balance :
Lo Ho + Q1 + Q2 = L1 HL1 + V1Hv1

Q1 = Lo Cp (tbp - to) Q2 = Lo λAB

 TEMPERATURE- COMPOSITION DIAGRAM
Superheated
tB VAPOR
T vs yA c
LIQUID- Tie line Saturated
VAPOR
VAPOR
xA b yA
t1
dew point
Saturated Q2 curve
tbp LIQUID
Temperature

Q1 T vs xA tA
Cold bubble point
LIQUID curve
t0 a

0% A xA1 xAo yA1 100% A

100%B 0%B
Concentration
 ENTHALPY- COMPOSITION DIAGRAM

VAPOR
(superheated

λB LIQUID-VAPOR
Saturated vapor
λAB
H t1 t2
Enthalpy (Btu/lbm)

Tie line t3

t1 t4
λA
t2
t3
t4
Saturated liquid
Cold
LIQUID

0 x x y
1.0
xA , yA
Composition
 ENTHALPY- COMPOSITION DIAGRAM
Superheated
VAPOR

CAIR-UAP
Saturated vapor
Tie line t1
H b
H2 Tie line
Enthalpy (Btu/lbm)

Q2 to
H1

Q1
Ho to Saturated liquid
a

Cold Liquid

0 xA xAo yA y
1.0
xA , yA
Composition
 V1

a Sat
u ra
H vap ted
HM or
M
Q2 b
L1
Hbp Satu
Q1 rated
Lo liquid
Ho

y
y1

V1/L1 = b/a

x1 xo x
 VAPOR – LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM CURVE

3
y=x
y
AZEOTROP
2
y
y 1
y

x x x
x

 3   2  1
 VAPOR AND LIQUID IN EQUILIBRIUM (tie line)

EQUILIBRIUM
TIE LINE CURVE x-y

EQUILIBRIUM
PA, PB, P CURVE x-y
P = pA + pB
= X A PA + X B P B
= XA PA + (1 – XA) PB
= X A PA + P B – XA PB
= XA (PA – PB) + PB
XA = (P – PB) / (PA – PB)
yA = mole A / mole total
= pA / P
= X A PA / P
yA = (PA / P) XA
pA, pB = partial pressure of component A, B
(PA, PB) = vapor pressure of pure component A, B
P = total pressure
XA = fraction of component A in the liquid
yA = fraction of component A in the vapor
TIE LINE  EQUILIBRIUM CURVE

V1
V2 Sat
ura
v a p te d
H or Vn

L1
L2
Ln Satur
ated
liquid

yn

y
y2

y1

x1 x2 x xn
EQUILIBRIUM CURVE  TIE LINE

V1
V2 Sat
ura
v a p te d
H or Vn

L1
L2
Ln Satura
ted
l iquid

yn

y
y2

y1

x1 x2 x xn
 L1 V1

L2 V2
dew point curve
T bubble point curve
Vn
Ln

yn

y
y2

y1

x1 x1 x xn
 P1

P2
T y P1
P2

P1 > P2

x, y x

Effect of Pressure on Equilibrium Curve

 M2

P2
P2
.
T
T P1 m2
M1

P1
m1

x, y x, y

. P2 P2
P1
y y

P1

(c)
x x

Maximum and minimum azeotropic on constant

pressure