MANAGING

INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
FIFTH EDITION

CHAPTER 4
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
AND NETWORKING

E. Wainright Martin  Carol V. Brown  Daniel W. DeHayes

Jeffrey A. Hoffer  William C. Perkins
 THE NEED FOR NETWORKING
 Sharing of technology resources
 Sharing of data
 Distributed data processing and client/server systems
 Enhanced communications
 Marketing outreach

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 AN OVERVIEW OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
AND NETWORKING
Networking –
the electronic linking of geographically dispersed devices

Telecommunications –
communications (voice and data) at a distance

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© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 4 Table 4.1 Functions of a Page 98
Telecommunications Network
 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Analog and Digital Signals

 Analog network uses continuous voltage varying as

a function of time
 Example: voice over telephone lines

 Digital network directly transmits two discrete states

 Note: 0 for pulse off and 1 for pulse on

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 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Analog and Digital Signals
 Modem
 Device needed when transmitting data over analog lines
 Converts data from digital to analog to be sent over analog
telephone lines
 Also reconverts data back to digital after data transmission
 Abbreviation for modulator/demodulator

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 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Analog and Digital Signals

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Figure 4.1 Use of Modem in Analog Network Page 99
 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Speed of Transmission

Bandwidth –
• difference between highest and lowest frequencies
(cycles per second) that can be transmitted on a
single medium
• common measure of a medium’s capacity

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 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Speed of Transmission
 Hertz – cycles per second
 Baud – number of signals sent per second
 Bits per second (bps) – number of bits sent per second

When
: each cycle sends one signal that transmits exactly one
e
Not bit of data (often the case), then the three terms are identical

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 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Types of Transmission Lines
 Switched line system
 Example: public telephone system
 Uses switching centers to route signals along best possible path to
destination
 Private (dedicated) lines
 Leased from companies such as MCI, Sprint, AT&T
 Use direct physical lines between source and destination

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 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Types of Transmission Lines

 Simplex – data travels in one direction only

 Half-duplex – data can travel in both directions, but only one
direction at a time
 Full-duplex – data travels in both directions at the same time

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 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Transmission Media

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 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Transmission Media Typical Speeds

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Transmission Speeds
 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Transmission Media

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Figure 4.3 Construction of a Coaxial Cable Page 102
 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Transmission Media

Wireless –
broadcast technology in which radio signals are sent out
into the air

 Cordless telephone  Microwave

 Cellular phone  Satellite
 Wireless LAN

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 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Transmission Media

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Figure 4.4 Satellite Communications Page 102
 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Types of Transmission Lines
 Fiber-optic cabling
 Newest transmission medium
 Transmits data by pulses of light through thin fiber of glass
 Much faster than other media
 Thinner … requires less space
 More secure … harder to tap

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 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Topology of Networks

Topology –
term used to describe the configuration or arrangement
of network devices and media

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 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Topology of Networks

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Figure 4.5 Network Topologies Page 106
 More Complex Networks

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Figure 4.6 vBNS+ Network Map Page 107
 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Types of Networks
 Computer Telecommunications Networks
 Private branch exchange (PBX) Networks
 Local Area Networks (LANs)
 Backbone Networks
 Wide Area Networks (WANs)
 Internet
 Internet2

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 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Types of Networks
 Computer Telecommunications Networks
 Emanates from a single medium or large computer
 Usually arranged as a tree
 Uses coaxial and twisted pair cabling
 Controlled by central computer
 Often has a front-end processor to handle all aspects of telecommunications

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© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 23 Figure 4.7 Computer Page 108
Telecommunications Network
 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Types of Networks
 Private Branch Exchanges (PBX)
 Originally analog, today usually digital
 Can serve as the central device in a star or ring network
 Can function as front-end processor for mainframe

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 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Types of Networks
 Private Branch Exchanges (PBX)
 Advantages:
 Can connect ALL telecommunications devices in a building or campus
 Can use existing telephone wiring
 Can carry voice and data over same network
 Has a high-potential throughput

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© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 26 Figure 4.8 Schematic Representation Page 109
of a PBX
 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Types of Networks
 Local Area Networks
 Owned by a single organization
 Operate within area 2-3 miles in diameter
 Contain a number of intelligent devices, usually microcomputers, that can process data … based on peer-to-peer relationship
 No part of telephone system, have their own wiring

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 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Local Area Networks
 LAN Topologies and Standards
 Contention bus design … IEEE 802.3
 Token bus design … IEEE 802.4
 Token ring design … IEEE 802.5
 Wireless design … IEEE 802.11

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 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Local Area Networks
 Contention Bus Design (Ethernet)
 Bus topology
 Implemented with coax or twisted pair
 Usually half-duplex
 All devices contend for use of cable
 Design now called Shared Ethernet … uses a contention bus as its logical topology and implemented with a physical star arrangement …

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© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 30 Figure 4.9 Shared Ethernet Topology: Page 109
Logical Bus, Physical Star
 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Local Area Networks
 Switched Ethernet
 Newer variation, better performance, higher price
 Uses switch instead of hub
 Operates both logical and physical star
 Each device has own dedicated circuit

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 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Local Area Networks
 Token Bus
 Employs bus topology, no contention
 Uses single token passed around to all devices in order
 Device can only transmit when has token
 Central to Manufacturing Automation Protocol (MAP) – connects robots and other machines on assembly line by a LAN

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 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Local Area Networks
 Token Ring
 Device attached to ring must seize token before can send a message
 Collisions cannot occur
 Usual implementation is physical star, logical ring

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 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Local Area Networks
 Wireless LAN
 Known as Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity)
 Growing in demand for corporate and home use
 Use IEEE 802.11 standards with shared Ethernet design
 Requires use of wireless network interface card (NIC)
 Wireless Access Point (WAP) – radio transceiver that acts as a hub

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© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 35 Figure 4.10 Wireless Local Area Network Page 112
Topology
 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Types of Networks
 Backbone Network
In-between network that interconnects LANs in a single organization with each other and
with organization’s WAN and the Internet

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 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Types of Networks
 Backbone network terminology:
 Bridge – connects two LANs using same protocol
 Router (gateway) – connects two or more LANs that may use different protocols
 Switch – connects more than two LANs using the same protocols

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© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 38
Figure 4.11 Sample Backbone Network Page 112
 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Types of Networks
 Wide Area Networks (WANs)
 Communicate voice and data across greater distances
 Usually owned by several organizations (including user organization and common carrier)
 Employ point-to-point transmission
 Often rely on public telephone network

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 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Types of WANs
 Switched-circuit
 Direct distance dialing (DDD)
 Wide Area Telephone Service (WATS)
 Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN)
 Dedicated-circuit
 Leased lines
 Satellite

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 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Types of WANs
 Packet-switched
 Shared private lines using store-and-forward data transmission
 Permits multiple connections to exist simultaneously over the
same physical circuit

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 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Types of WANs
 ATM – fast packet switching with short, fixed-length packets
 Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) – provide same as private packet-
switched network using the public Internet

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 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Types of Networks
 The Internet
 Network of networks that use the TCP/IP protocol
 Contain gateways to computers that do not use TCP/IP
 Provides four basic functions:
 Electronic mail
 Remote login
 Discussion groups
 Sharing of data resources

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© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 44
Table 4.4 Internet Applications Page 118
 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
DSL, Cable Modem, and Satellite
 Internet access services:
 Digital subscriber line (DSL) – service offered by telephone companies using copper wire already installed in
homes … moving data over wires without disturbing voice traffic
 Cable modem – connection obtained from cable TV company using existing home coaxial cable
 Satellite – most expensive, but may be only option for customers in rural areas

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 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Intranets

Intranet –
a network operating within an organization that uses
the TCP/IP protocol

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 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING

Internet2 –
not-for-profit consortium of over 200 universities,
working with over 60 technology companies and the
U.S. government, to develop and deploy advanced
network applications and technologies

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 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
 Primary goals of Internet2:
 Create a leading-edge network capability for the national research
community
 Enable revolutionary Internet applications based on a much
higher-performance Internet that we have today
 Ensure the rapid transfer of new network services and applications
to the broader Internet community

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 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Network Protocols

Protocol –
agreed-upon set of rules governing communication
among layers or levels of a network

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 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Network Protocols
 LAN protocols:
 Contention bus
 Token bus
 Token ring
 Wireless
 IBM’s own protocol – Systems Network Architecture (SNA)

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 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Network Protocols
 International Organization for Standardization (ISO) network
protocol – Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model (OSI)
 Thought to become the only standard for networking
 Gained momentum until Internet explosion
 Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
 Has become the de facto standard for networking today

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© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 52 Figure 4.17 Data Transmission Page 126
Based on OSI Model
 THE EXPLODING ROLE OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
 Online Operations
 Connectivity
 Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and
Electronic Commerce
 Marketing

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 THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS
INDUSTRY

 Carriers
 Own or lease the physical plant – cabling,
satellites, cellular towers, etc.
 Sell service of transmitting communication
from one location to another

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 THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS
INDUSTRY

 Equipment vendors
 Manufacture and sell LAN software and
hardware
 Includes routers, hubs, wireless access
points, digital switches, multiplexers, cellular
telephones, modems

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 THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS
INDUSTRY

 Service providers
 Operate networks and deliver services
through the network
 Provide access to or services via the Internet
(such as AOL, Microsoft Network, Yahoo!,
and many ISPs

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