Hardware and

Operating system Basics

OVERVIEW
 Introduction to Computer
 Computer Hardware
 History
 Computer Architecture
 Motherboard
 Microprocessor & Microcontrollers
 Input Devices
 Output Devices
 Storage Devices
OVERVIEW
 Operating System Introduction
 Defination
 Features
 Different types of Operating systems
 Conclusion
 End
Introduction
 Computer is arguably the most important tool in the
areas of engineering, science, business etc. etc.
 Data acquisition and analysis

 Simulation

 Embedded applications

 Process control
 Condition monitoring and fault diagnosis systems
 Automatic testing equipment
 Robotics
 Telecommunications
 Productivity software (word processing, spreadsheets,
databases, presentation) etc……………
Components of a Computer
System
Types of hardware
Types of software
 What is a Computer
System?

What is it comprise of?

How would you define it?
Computer Systems
 Hardware
 Software

Hardware=The physical components

(electrical circuits) that make up the
computer

Software=The computer programs (sequences

of instructions) that tell the computer what to
do in response to a command or some event.
How do we communicate
with computers?

What does this symbol

Mean?
Language called BINARY
The only thing a computer
understands is
 1

 0
 Components of a Computer The program currently being executed is stored here.
(it is divided into storage units called BYTES)

For reading data into

Main Memory
MAIN MEMORY For permanent storage
of programs and data

INPUT DEVICES PROCESSOR OUTPUT DEVICES

For processing the data AUXILIARY

STORAGE

Fix For printing, displaying

Or out-put of info
The
Mistakes
 Components of a Computer The program currently being executed is stored here.
(it is divided into storage units called BYTES)

For processing the data

MAIN MEMORY For printing, displaying

Or out-put of info

INPUT DEVICES PROCESSOR OUTPUT DEVICES

For reading data into AUXILIARY

Main Memory
STORAGE

For permanent storage of programs and data

Think of the Brain (System)
Information for the Exam….
 INPUT

 PROCESSING

Exam Results!
 OUTPUT
Computer Systems are the
same
 Data is INPUT
 Data is PROCESSED
 Something is OUTPUT

 GIGO (Garbage in…Garbage out..)

Types of Computer
 Minicomputers
 Mainframe Computers
 Supercomputers
Minicomputers
 Multi-user systems
 100’s of workstations or terminals
attached to central minicomputer
 E.g. EPOS (Electronic Point of Sale)
Systems
Mainframe computers
 Large Organisations –banks, building
societies, airlines, governments
 May have 1000’s of terminals –
geographically remote locations
 Could occupy a whole site
 100’s of disk drives & hardware units
 Location often kept secret!
(terrorist attacks)
Supercomputers
 Largest Category of computer
 Cost Millions
 Mostly used by scientific and industrial
research departments
 NASA –government agencies
 Weather Centres
 Stock Exchanges
 Large Commercial Organisations
PC, Mini, Mainframe or Supercomputer?
PC, Mini, Mainframe or Supercomputer?
NASA Goddard Space Centre
 Fourth Largest
Supercomputer in the
world
 Linux Operating
System
 Huge Memory
 Processing Power –
unparalleled!
PC, Mini, Mainframe or Supercomputer?
PC, Mini, Mainframe or Supercomputer?
History Of Computing
Computer Hardware
Computer development
 The Abacus- Babylonia-4th century B.C.

 The Difference Engine- Charles Babbage 1822

 Vacuum tube - John Ambrose Fleming 1904

 The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)-1945

 Used 17,478 vacuum tubes

 Too late for WW-II, but was used in the cold war to perform calculations

to build a hydrogen bomb

  City of Philadelphia reportedly experienced brown-outs when ENIAC
drew power at its home at the the University of Pennsylvania
(http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/dt45en.html)
 Was not a general purpose computer: programming meant rewiring
with punch cards and switches
 One of ENIAC's greatest feats was in showing the potential of what
could be accomplished in the future

 Transistor - Nobel prize in physics in 1956

 Integrated Circuit (chip) - Jack
Kilby 1958 (Nobel prize in physics in 2000)

 First commercially available IC’s developed

by Texas Instruments and Fairchild
semiconductor corp. Apple I computer (1976)
 Generations of IC’s:
 Small scale integration - 1965
 Up to 100 devices on a chip
 Medium scale integration - to 1971
 100-3,000 devices on a chip
 Large scale integration - 1971-1977
 3,000 - 100,000 devices on a chip
 Very large scale integration - 1978 to date
 100,000 - 100,000,000 devices on a chip
 Ultra large scale integration
 Over 100,000,000 devices on a chip
Moore's Law

 Defined by Dr. Gordon Moore during the sixties.

 Predicts an exponential increase in component
density over time, with a doubling time of 18
months.
 Applicable to microprocessors, DRAMs , DSPs
and other microelectronics.
 Monotonic increase in density observed since
the 1960s.
Moore’s Law: Number of transistors on a
chip will double every 18 months.
Moore’s Law - Density
Moore's Law and Performance
 The performance of computers is determined
by architecture and clock speed.
 Clock speed doubles over a 3 year period due
to the scaling laws on chip.
 Processors using identical or similar
architectures gain performance directly as a
function of Moore's Law.
 Improvements in internal architecture can
yield better gains than predicted by Moore's
Law.
Moore’s Law - Clock Speed
Computer Architecture

Central Main
Processing Memory
Unit

Systems
Interconnection

Input
Output
Component description
 Central Processing Unit (CPU) or microprocessor,
controls the operation of the computer and performs
its data processing functions
 Main memory - also called internal memory stores
instructions and data. Memory is partitioned into
separate instruction and data spaces
 Input/output (I/O) – moves data between the
computer and its external environment
 System interconnection – some mechanism that
provides for communications among the CPU, the
main memory, and the I/O devices
Various components

•Processors
•Motherboard
•Hard Disk
•RAM
•Cabinet
•Floppy Drive
•CD Drive
•Cards
Display Card
Sound Card
Modem
•Screwdriver
•Multi meter (Testing)
 SMPS

Switch Mode Power

Supply
Ac/dc
Starter
Driver
Switching stage
Oscillator
Power Good Stage
 UPS

Uninterrupted Power Supply

Automatic Voltage Regulator
Charging Stage
Ac low & high sensor stage
Chip Level Troubleshooting
 CRT Monitor

Cathode Ray Tube

Video Amplifier Stage
Video Driver stage
Output Stage
Horizontal & Vertical
stage
Power Supply Stage
 LCD/TFT Monitor

Liquid Crystal Display/

Thin Film Transistor
Assembling
De assembling
Troubleshooting
 STORAGE DEVICES

•Floppy Disk Drive

•Hard Disk Drive
• CD Rom
• DVD Writer
•Troubleshooting and
fault finding
 Keyboard/Mouse & Scanner

Carbon Layer Repair

Connectivity repair
TVS Mechanical Keyboard Repairing
Ps2, Optical, Scroll mouse Repairing
All types of Scanner Repairing
 MOTHERBOARD

•Troubleshooting
•Voltage Regulator Module section
•Clock Generator
• Port Troubleshooting
Biometric Device
 PRINTER

Dot Matrix Printer

Inkjet/ DeskJet Printer
Laser Printer
Assembling
De assembling
Chip level Troubleshooting
Ink refilling
 ALL IN ONE PRINTER

Assembling
De assembling
Troubleshooting
Ink refilling
 Network+ (Comptia)

• Types of network
• Client Server or Peer to Peer
• Cables
• Hub
• Switch
• Router
• LAN Card
• Cable testing
• LAN Driver Installation
• Internet Sharing
• IP addressing
Motherboard
Typical parts of a
motherboard.

ABIT SE6
Microprocessors &
Microcontrollers
 The two most common microprocessor
architectures are complex instruction
set computing (CISC) and reduced
instruction set computing (RISC).
 Microcontrollers are computer chips,
embedded in products and technologies,
that usually cost less and work in less-
demanding applications than
microprocessors.
CPU
 CPU or microprocessor is often described as
the brain of a computer.
 CPU is an integrated circuit or “chip” which
processes instructions and data.
 CPU types.
 Intel Pentium II, III, IV
 Intel Celeron
 AMD Athlon
 Many more…
 Structure of the CPU
storage

input/output memory
control unit ALU

registers registers
cache
flags memory
 Components of the CPU
 Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU): processes the data
in the registers according to instructions issued by the
control unit. Performs arithmetic (addition, subtraction,
etc..) and logical (comparison) operations
 Registers: provides temporary storage for data and
instructions. It handles instructions and data at 10 times
the speed of cache memory. Registers facilitate the
movement of data and instructions between RAM, the
control unit and the ALU
 Control unit registers:
 The instruction register contains the current instruction being
executed
 The program register (instruction pointer) contains the RAM
address of the next instruction to be executed
 ALU registers
 The accumulator register stores the result of ALU operations
 Internal CPU interconnection: some mechanism that provides
for communication among the control unit, ALU, and registers
 Control Unit: controls the operation of the CPU and hence the
computer. Interprets instructions, moves data to/from memory
and registers, instructs ALU to perform certain operations,
increments instruction pointer, etc. During program execution,
instructions in a program are moved from the RAM into the
control unit, where it is decoded and interpreted by the decoder
 Flags: 1-bit memory, or 1-bit registers and hold information on
what has recently happened in the CPU. These are set to 1 or 0
depending on the results of internal operations such as results of
ALU operations (zero or negative result) or external operations
such as interrupts (commands that tell the processor to stop
execution and wait for further instruction)
 Cache Memory: Small fast memory that improves CPU’s
efficiency. Increases computer throughput, and is a high-speed
holding area for program instructions and data. It holds only
instructions and data that are likely to be needed by the CPU.
While programs are running on the computer, the same data or
instructions might be needed frequently. In such cases, the
processor first checks the cache memory for the data or
instructions, thereby reducing the need for frequent access to
the RAM and speeding up the processing
 Microprocessor System Buses
RAM ROM
Control Bus

Microprocessor
(CPU)

Data Bus Input/Output

Address Bus (I/O)
System Buses
 A BUS is an internal communications path consisting of a
number of lines connecting the system components
 Control bus –The control bus synchronizes system events like
memory access, system interrupts, I/O, etc.
 Address bus – Source and destination addresses are sent over
the address bus to identify a particular location in memory or
input/output port.
 Data bus – two way path for transferring data and instructions
in and out of the microprocessor
Types of Processors

INTEL
 Direct Memory Access (DMA)
MICROCONTROLER
 DMA improves data transfer between memory and I/O
devices
 Devices and controllers transfer data to and from main

memory directly
 Processor is free to execute software instructions

 DMA channel uses an I/O controller to manage data

transfer
 Notifies processor when I/O operation is complete

 Improves performance in systems that perform large

numbers of I/O operations (e.g., mainframes and

servers)
2.3.8 Direct Memory Access
(DMA)Figure 2.4 Direct memory access (DMA).
Input Devices

 Keyboard
 Keypad
 Mouse
 Voice activation
 Touch screen
 Digitizers and pen-based (stylus) systems
 More…
INPUT DEVICES
E-pad
INPUT DEVICES
INPUT DEVICES
INPUT DEVICES
INPUT DEVICES
INPUT DEVICES
Output Devices

 Monitor
 Printer
 Speakers
 Communication (comm) ports
 Modems (both input and output)
 Network interface cards (both input and
output)
OUTPUT DEVICES
 OUTPUT DEVICES
PRINTER

Dot Matrix Printer

Inkjet/ DeskJet Printer
Laser Printer
Assembling
De assembling
Chip level Troubleshooting
Ink refilling
 OUTPUT DEVICES
ALL IN ONE PRINTER

Assembling
De assembling
Troubleshooting
Ink refilling
 Storage
 Primary  Secondary storage
storage  Nonvolatile
 Volatile  Permanent
 Temporary  Secondary storage
characteristics
 Media
 Capacity
 Storage devices
 Access speed

Page 212
2.3.4 Memory Hierarchy
Figure 2.3 Memory hierarchy.
 Storage
Storage Hierarchy
Very fast storage is very expensive. So the Operating System manages a hierarchy of
storage devices in order to make the best use of resources. In fact, considerable effort
goes into this support.

Fast and Expensive

Slow an Cheap
RAM
 Random Access memory
 Main Memory
 Stores info about applications that are
open and data
 VOLATILE –
 When you switch off the machine, it
disappears!!!
ROM
 Read only memory
 Non-Volatile (does not change)
 Programs that are necessary for the
computer to run
 Boot up program
 etc
Cache Memory
 This is a very FAST type of memory that is
used to improve the spped of a computer,
DOUBLING it ….in some cases.
 Acts as an intermediate store between CPU
and MM
 It works by storing most frequently or recently
used instructions so that it is fast to retrive
them again.
 Cache is usually between 1KB and 512KB
 Secondary Storage Devices
 Most desktop microcomputer systems have
floppy disks, hard disks, and optical disk
drives

Page 212
 Traditional Floppy Disk
 Also known as:
 Diskettes
 Floppies Insert Art Work top
 Portable storage media of page 213
 Floppy disk drives (FDD)

Page 212
 High Capacity Floppy Disks
Known as a floppy-disk cartridge
 Require special disk drives

 Three well known types

 Zip disks
 HiFD disks
 SuperDisks

Page 214
 Hard Disks
 Use thicker, metallic platters for
storage
 Faster than a floppy diskette
 Large capacity
 Sensitive instruments

 There are three types of hard disks:

 Internal

 Hard-disk cartridge

 Hard-disk pack

Page 215
 Internal Hard Disk

 Located inside system

unit
 Known as a fixed disk
 Designated as the C drive
 Advantages over floppies
 Access speed
 Capacity

Page 215
 Hard-Disk Cartridges
Hard-disk cartridge
 Removable hard
disks
 Used to complement
internal hard disk
 Capacities of 10 to
20 GB

PC Card Hard Disks

Page 216
 Hard-Disk Packs
 Removable
hard disk
 Massive storage
capacity
 Common in
mainframes
 Resembles
stack of vinyl
records

Page 216
 Optical Disks
 Compact
 Permanent storage
 Laser beams reflect off pits
 Two common types
 CD
 DVD

Page 219
 Compact Disc
 Optical format
 From 650 MB to 1 GB capacity
 Rotation speeds vary
 Types
 Read only: CD-ROM
 Write once: CD-R
 Rewriteable: CD-RW
 Picture CDs and Photo CDs

Page 219
 Digital Versatile Disc
 Digital Versatile Disk or Digital Video
Disk (DVD)
 Similar to CDs, but can store more data
 Types
 Read only: DVD-ROM
 Write once: DVD+R; DVD-R
 Rewritable: DVD+RW; DVD-RW; DVD-RAM

Page 220
 Other Types of Secondary
Storage
 Solid-state storage

 Internet hard drives

 Magnetic tape

Page 221
 A Look to the Future
Blu-Ray and Plastic Memory Technology

 New standard in storage is called Blu-Ray

 New disks use blue laser light instead of the
red laser light used in traditional CD players
 Disks may ultimately hold

 Over 50GB on two-sided disks

 Equals several movies/TV shows

 Help to reduce incompatibility

problems

Page 227
OPERATING SYSTEMS
 OPERATING SYSTEM

WHAT IS AN OPERATING SYSTEM?

 An interface between users and hardware - an environment "architecture”
 Allows convenient usage; hides the tedious stuff
 Allows efficient usage; parallel activity, avoids wasted cycles
 Provides information protection
 Gives each user a slice of the resources
 Acts as a control program.
 OPERATING The Layers Of
SYSTEM OVERVIEW A System

Humans

Program Interface

User Programs

O.S. Interface

O.S.

Hardware Interface/
Privileged Instructions

Disk/Tape/Memory
Operating System
 An Operating System (OS) is the
master controller within a computer.
EX: Windows, MacOS, DOS, UNIX, Linux
 An operating system interacts with:
 All hardware installed in or connected to a
computer system.
 All software installed or running from a
storage device on a computer system.
Operating System
 Microsoft Windows
 Most popular operating system.
 Supports a vast array of application software and
peripheral devices.
 MacOS
 For Macintosh computers.
 Proprietary system.
 Does not have same functionality and support for
software and peripheral devices.
Operating System
 Network operating system (NOS)
 Manages network resources.
 Maintains security.
 Tracks user accounts.
 Handles communication between
workstations and servers.
 Popular network operating systems
Windows NT, Novell Netware, UNIX
Different operating systems

 Windows
95,98,XP,Vista ,7
 Mac
 Ubuntu
 Linux