5G/4G NETWORKS

-Sefaoui Mohamed Teacher :

Amine Said Fatima Zohra Rahmani
-Beloufi Mohamed
Oussama
 Summary
• I-1 4G
• I-2 the different 4G technologies
• I-3 4G Speed
• I-4 the benefits of 4G
• II-1 5G
• II-2  How does 5G work?
• II -3 the benefits of 5G
 I-1 4G
• 4G is a loose term for the fourth generation of
cellular communications, offering speeds that
are about 10 times faster than they are on
current third-generation, or 3G, networks. Its
higher data speeds could make smartphones
much more comparable to PCs, giving them
better multimedia and gaming capabilities.
 I-2 the different 4G technologies
• Just as in the 3G world, 4G technologies fork
into two broad camps: LTE and WiMax.
• They're not aligned with the old GSM vs
CDMA split, though. This time, AT&T and
Verizon are moving towards LTE, while Sprint
has thrown its weight behind WiMax.
• There's quite a bit of debate on whether LTE
and WiMax meet all the technical
requirements to be classified 4G technologies.
The International Telecommunications Union
suggests that WiMax, the standard that Sprint
calls 4G, is actually part of the 3G family,
though Sprint markets WiMax as 4G and its
speeds are comparable to current LTE speeds.
• WiMax has its roots in the wireless broadband
access industry and is supported by IEEE,
while the LTE standard has been created by a
consortium of mobile companies. WiMax
requires a new network to be built whereas
LTE is an evolution of existing CDMA/HSPA
networks.
 I-3 4G Speed
• The maximum theoretical data transfer with
3G technology is 2 Mbps. But in practice, you
won't get more than 500 Kbps to 1.5 Mbps,
depending on your carrier, the location of the
cell tower, congestion, etc.
• 4G ups the game.
• WiMax can offer peak download data speeds
of up to 6 Mbps and up to 1 Mbps for
uploading data. WiMax rival LTE says it can do
much better. It has peak download speeds of
100 Mbps and can support uploads at the rate
of up to 50 Mbps.
 I-4 the benefits of 4G

• The benefits of 4G fall firmly into three

categories, which are improved speeds,
reduced latency, and crystal-clear voice calls.
Faster speeds
• Standard 4G (or 4G LTE) is around five to
seven times faster than 3G, offering
theoretical speeds of up to around 150Mbps.
That equates to maximum potential speeds of
around 80Mbps in the real world.
• With standard 4G you can download a 2GB HD
film in 3 minutes 20 seconds, while it would
take over 25 minutes on a standard 3G
network.
• However, a faster version of 4G is also
available in many parts of the UK, called 4G
LTE-Advanced (also known as LTE-A, 4.5G or
4G+).
• This offers theoretical speeds of up to
1.5Gbps, but the current crop of LTE-A
networks has a maximum potential speed of
300Mbps with real world speeds falling a lot
lower.
 Lower latency

• Download speeds aren't the only thing that

has been improved, because 4G also has a
better response time than 3G – due to lower
‘latency’. This means that a device connected
to a 4G mobile network will get a quicker
response to a request than the same device
connected to a 3G mobile network.
 Crystal clear voice calls

• Voice over LTE (VoLTE) is similar to Voice over

Internet Protocol (VoIP), which use voice apps
such as Skype to support voice calls over the
internet. Effectively, VoLTE rides on the back of
the 4G network and brings crystal clear voice
calls and video chat to your 4G mobile phone.
 II-1  5G

• 5G (which stands for fifth generation) is the

next step in mobile technology, following on
from 4G before it and 3G before that, and like
the jump from 3G to 4G, you’ll be getting far
higher speeds on 5G than on any of the
technologies that came before.
• We’re talking both upload and download
speeds, and we’ve got a whole guide to 5G
speeds and what they allow you to do, but
speed isn’t all 5G has going for it. 5G also
offers lower latency (the time a network takes
to respond to a request), promises greater
capacity for users, and will enable and
improve all sorts of related tech, such as the
Internet of Things (IoT).
 II-2 How does 5G work?

• At a basic level 5G works in much the same way as

3G or 4G, in that mobile masts transmit radio
frequency (and with it data) to your smartphone
or hub, providing the 5G connection which then
allows you to transmit data off to other devices and
the internet, using masts as a relay.
• 5G stands for ‘fifth generation’, so it’s just the latest
version of that concept, offering higher speeds,
lower latency, and other benefits compared to
previous versions.
• How it does that is largely through the use of
higher frequency spectrum than we use for 4G
or 3G. But that comes with its own challenges,
as the higher the frequency of the spectrum,
the less far it travels, which means 5G requires
lots of ‘small cells’ – tiny infrastructure that
fills in the gaps between masts.
• That means new infrastructure is being built
and there will be a lot more mobile
infrastructure overall, but most of it will be
discreet. There will likely be some major new
masts too, but in many cases it will be possible
to upgrade old ones to support 5G.
• An assortment of other technologies are also
involved in 5G, such as cloud technologies and
Massive MIMO (multiple-input multiple-
output), the latter of which allows the
transmitting and receiving of numerous data
signals simultaneously over the same radio
channel, using a large number of antennas.
• You can check out our Massive MIMO
guide for a deep dive into this, but it all
happens behind the scenes. As a user, you
simply need a 5G-capable phone and a 5G
plan, then you can connect in the same way as
you would with 4G or 3G.
 II-3 the benefits of 5G
• Much faster speeds
• 5G is of course much faster than 4G. Where
4G download speeds average around
36.4Mbps (based on data from Opensignal),
on 5G you can currently expect average
speeds of between around 100-200Mbps,
with peak speeds of over 1Gbps (where they
generally top out at around 100Mbps on 4G),
and speeds will improve ever more as 5G
networks mature.
Note that the download time column in the chart above is for the average
listed speeds.
 Lower latency / response times

• Speed is the single most talked about

advantage of 5G, but it’s not the only one,
with low latency being another big factor, and
one which ties into speed. Latency is how long
a network takes to respond to a request, so if
it’s high then it can take a while for things to
happen even with good download speeds.
You can probably imagine many of the differences these improvements can
make in daily use, but below you’ll find some key examples, including both
obvious applications and those you might not have considered.
  Greater capacity for users 

• 5G spectrum is available in greater capacities

than 4G spectrum, which in turn means
there’s more capacity for the end user, so a
larger number of devices can be connected at
high speeds. That in turn should make 5G
more reliable than 4G.
• To put this into perspective, with 4G there can
be around 2,000 connected devices per 0.38
square miles, whereas 5G is expected to
support up to 1 million connected devices per .
38 square miles.
• The spectrum frequencies in use by both 4G
and 5G can be seen below – note that not all
networks use all of these frequencies, and that
in general the higher frequencies have greater
capacity available. Note also that currently only
the 3.4GHz and 3.6-4GHz bands are in use for
5G – the other listed frequencies are likely to be
made available in future 5G auctions though.
 Improved reliability

• As noted above, the greater capacity available

to 5G will also help make it more reliable than
older network technologies, meaning dropped
calls should be a thing of the past, your
network experience should be good even in
busy places, and with that increased reliability,
5G will be suited to things where reliability is
essential – such as self-driving cars and
remote surgery.
 More flexible

• Some of the new technology in 5G allows for

network slicing, which means a single physical
network can be divided into numerous virtual
networks suited to different needs, rather
than having to rely on a one-size-fits-all
network, which won’t be the ideal fit for many
situations.