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Overview of Biochemical Endocrinology
Overview of Biochemical Endocrinology
Group IIC: The cell surface receptor posses tyrosine protein kinase
activity (intracellular messenger unknown): insulin, growth factors.
Group IIC': The cell surface receptor recruits soluble tyrosine kinases:
growth hormone.
Note: once the Effector protein is active the second messenger c-AMP is
produced activating Protein Kinase A and starting a "cascade" of events leading
to transmission of message and physiological / biochemical responses.
Hormones Functioning via IP3 / Ca2+ and DAG:
PIP2 = Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate
IP3 = Inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate
DAG = Diacylglycerol
PLC = Phospholipase C
(2) DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC), which with Ca2+is necessary for microtubular
assembly and the fusion of the granules with the plasma membrane. IP3is a potent
mobilizer of intracellular Ca2+stores.
(3) Crosslinkage of FcRI also activates an enzyme that converts phosphatidylserine (PS)
into phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Eventually, PE is methylated to form
phosphatidylcholine (PC) by the phospholipid methyl transferase enzymes I and II (PMT I
and II).
(4) The accumulation of PC on the exterior surface of the plasma membrane causes an
increase in membrane fluidity and facilitates the formation of Ca2+channels. The resulting
influx of Ca2+ activates phospholipase A2, which promotes the breakdown of PC into
lysophosphatidylcholine (lyso PC) and arachidonic acid.
Clinical Correlate
Bacterial Toxins:
Cholera Toxin
Symptoms: watery stools, vomiting, cyanotic, low blood pressure, rapid / weak
pulse
Treatment: IV solution of elctrolytes, tetracycline
Cause: cholera toxin inhibits GTPase preventing breakdown of GTP to GDP
and locking the a subunit in the activated state producing a continuous
oversupply of cAMP
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