Lecture # 5

Photovoltaic Based Energy Systems

 PV Cell Generator
 Solar Cell vs Diodes
Semi-conductor material are used to fabricate Solar Cell and Diodes. Like
Solar Cell, in a Diode, internally there is a P-N Junction. On Junction, an
Electric Field is present. This electric field is spread over depletion layer,
which has no mobile carriers. It means all the electrons are bounded in the
bonds. So, they cant move.
The main difference between Solar Cell and Diode is that the Electric
Field of Cell is exposed to SUN. Such that, the photons of SUN strikes the
Electrons of Electric Field and make them free from the bonds. Such that,
the Electric Field will give them the EMF (V) in order to pass through the
circuit.
While, diode is protected from SUN and its Electric Field is basically
suppressed in order to make this device work.
 PV Cell Generator
 Ideal Model
 PV is a Non-Linear Device
because of Diode. As Diode
is a non-linear.

 Isc and Voc defines the I-V Characteristic of PV Module/Array

 MPP is between Isc and Voc
 PV Cell Generator
 Shockley`s Equations For Diode

Ipv
Vpv
 PV Cell Generator
 Shockley`s Equations For Diode

Ipv
Vpv
PV Cell Generator
Is Role

Is

Is
PV Cell Generator
Is Role
In a PN junction , the
Is reverse saturation
current (IS) is due to the
Is diffusive flow of minority
electrons from the p-side
to the n-side and the
minority holes from the
n-side to the p-side.

Is
s

Is
Is
 PV Cell Generator
 Shockley`s Equations For Diode

Ipv
Vpv

 Greater the IS -> Smaller be the Id -> Greater be the Ipv

 IS = 10-5 vs 10-6 vs 10-9

 PV Cell Generator
 Vpv vs Ipv
 VT = 26mV and IS = 10-11,
 RL is such that Vpv = 0.6V
 Iph = 3A
 PV Cell Generator
 Vpv vs Ipv
 VT = 26mV and IS = 10-11,
 RL is such that Vpv = 0.5V
 Iph = 3A
 PV Generator From Module
Point of View
 Irradiance to Current Production
Irradiance: The basic building block is Photon.
Current: The basic building block is Electrons.
Irradiance is W/m2 will create Current in Amperes.

For Electric Field (Volts): Building block concept is not

discussed with respect to Electric Field.
 PV Generator
 Irradiance vs Temperature
Irradiance (Collection of Photons): Photons mainly strikes the
Electrons to dislodge the Electrons from its Respective Bonds. And Flow of
Electrons is the conduction of material i.e. Current Flow.
Hence, Irradiance has Major Impact on Current. However, as the
parameters are interlinked with each other, so it has Minor Impact on
Voltage as well.

Temperature: Since, an Electric Field is created on the P-N Junction of

material. PN junction means Diode. We know that diode can be
mathematically explained with the help of Shockley`s Equation, where T is
the major factor. So, Temperature has major impact on Voltage while it has
minor impact on Current production of PV device.
 PV Generator
 Irradiance vs Temperature

Atmosphere - Current Voltage

Fuel

Irradiance Major Impact Minor Impact

Temperature Minor Impact Major Impact

 PV Generator
 Point of Concern
Now we will only talk from Generation Point of View. i.e. PV
Array as Generator and Forget about the Power Delivered to
Load.

We know that, Weather/Environment/Atmosphere Conditions depends upon Sun ->

Sunlight and Temperature.
Sunlight reaches Earth (Sea Level) at AM 1.5:
Packets of Photons (Density of Photons) -> Density of Photons per Square Meter Area of
Earth -> Irradiance = 1 kW/m2
Temperature = 25oC

STC: Standard Testing Conditions -> AM 1.5, Gn = 1kW/m2 and Tmod = 25oC (Not
Ambient
Temperature)
 PV Generator
 Kyocera – KC200GT
PV Generator
 PV Response – Irradiance and Temp.
 PV Response – Irradiance
 PV Generator
 PV Response – Irradiance and Temp.
 Current – Irradiance Relation

Isc,n = 8.21 A
@ Gn = 1000 W/m2

Isc = 4.11 A ki = Impp/Isc = 7.61/8.21 = 0.93

= Isc,n x G/Gn Impp ≈ ki Isc
= 8.21 x 500/1000

Isc= Isc,n x G/Gn

PV Generator
 PV Response – Irradiance and Temp.
 Voltage – Irradiance Relation
Logarithmic
Relation between
Voc and G

kv = Vmpp/Voc = 26.3/32.9 = 0.8
Vmpp ≈ kv Voc
1000 – 900 - 800W/m2
As the difference of G
values increase with
Gn, the difference in
Voc also increases.
100W/m2
Voc values of
Irradiances (Gs) near
Gn, have small
difference to that of
Voc,n.
PV Generator
 PV Response – Irradiance and Temp.
 PV Response – Temperature.
PV Generator
 PV Response – Irradiance and Temp.
 Voltage – Temperature Relation
PV Generator
 PV Response – Irradiance and Temp.
 Voltage – Temperature Relation

Temperature
has major
impact on
Voc of PV
Array
PV Generator
 PV Response – Irradiance and Temp.
 Current – Temperature Relation

Almost
Negligible
Effect
PV Generator
 PV Response – Irradiance and Temp.
 Available Data for Current

∆T = Tc - 25oC
Gn= 1000 W/m2
Calculate Isc:
1) At G = 1000 W/m2 & T =25oC
2) At G = 1000 W/m2 & T = 5oC
3) At G = 500 W/m2 & T =25oC

Isc,n

KI
PV Generator
 PV Response – Irradiance and Temp.
 Available Data for Voltage
Voc (T) = (Voc,n + KV ∆T) ∆T = Tc - 25oC
Gn= 1000 W/m2

Voc,n

KV
PV Generator
 PV Response – Irradiance and Temp.
 Available Data for Voltage

∆T = Tc - 25oC
Gn= 1000 W/m2

Voc,n

KV
PV Generator
 PV Response – Irradiance and Temp.
 Available Data for Voltage

∆T = Tc - 25oC
Gn= 1000 W/m2

Voc,n

KV