◦ Somali National University

◦ Faculty of agriculture and environmental

science
◦ Department of environmental science
◦ Environmental impacts assessment
◦ Lecturer: Abdilatif Hussein
◦ Assistant lecturer: Jamal Abdikarim
◦ Date: 25/09/2021
 Outline
◦ Introduction
◦ Environmental Components Of EIA
◦ EIA cycle stages
◦ Full EIA Mandatory list
◦ Which projects require EC?
◦ When should EC be obtained by a TPP?
◦ Which Authorities can issue EC?
◦ Who recommends issue of EC for a project to
the Authorities?
◦ Steps in EIA processes
◦ Steps in preparation of EIA report
◦ The main participants of EIA
Introduction
◦ EIA is now mandatory for more than 30 categories of projects, and
these projects get Environmental Clearance (EC) only after the
EIA requirements are fulfilled.
◦ Environmental clearance or the ‘go ahead’ signal is granted by
the Impact Assessment Agency in the Ministry of Environment
in that country.
Environmental Components
Of EIA
1. Air environment
2. Noise
3. Water environment
4. Biological environment
5. Land environment
Air environment
1. Quality of ambient air present and predicted.
2. Meteorological data: Wind speed, direction, humidity etc.
3. Quantity of emission likely from project.
4. Impact of the emission on the area.
5. Pollution control desires/air quality standards.
Cont..
Water
Noise environment
◦ Levels of noise present and ◦ Existing ground and surface water
predicted resources, their quality and
◦ Strategies for reducing noise quantity within the zone.
pollution. ◦ Impact of proposed project on
water resources.
Biological environment
◦ Flora and fauna in impact zone.
◦ Potential damage (likely) due to project, due to effluents,
emissions and landscaping.
◦ Biological stress (prediction).
Land environment
1. Study of soil characteristics, land use, and drainage pattern, and
the likely adverse impact of the project.
2. Impact on historical monuments and heritage site.
 After 2006 Amendment the EIA
cycle comprises of four stages
1. Screening
2. Scoping
3. Public hearing
4. Appraisal
◦ Category A projects require mandatory environmental clearance and thus they do not undergo the screening
process.
Category B projects undergoes screening process and they are classified into two types.
◦ Category B, projects (Mandatorily requires EIA).
◦ Category B2 projects (Do not require EIA).
Thus, Category A projects and Category B, projects undergo the complete EIA process whereas Category B2
projects are excluded from complete EIA process.
 All projects that require clearance from central
government can be broadly categorized into the
following:
• Mining of minerals including Opencast/Underground mining
• Offshore and onshore oil and gas exploration, development &
production
• River Valley, Hydel, Drainage and Irrigation projects
• Thermal Power Plants
• Nuclear power projects and processing of nuclear fuel
• Coal washeries
• Mineral beneficiation including pelletisation
 Cont..
• Metallurgical industries (ferrous & non ferrous) – both primary and
secondary
• Cement plants
• Petroleum refining industry
• Coke oven plants
• Asbestos milling and asbestos based products
• Chlor-alkali industry
• Soda ash Industry
• Leather/skin/hide processing industry
 Cont..
• Chemical fertilizers
• Pesticides industry and pesticide specific intermediates (excluding formulations)
• Petro-chemical complexes (industries based on processing of petroleum
fractions & natural gas and/or reforming to aromatics)
• Textile – cotton and manmade fibers
• Petrochemical based processing (processes other than cracking & reformation
and not covered under the complexes)
• Synthetic organic chemicals industry (dyes & dye intermediates; bulk drugs and
intermediates excluding drug formulations; synthetic rubbers; basic organic
chemicals, other synthetic organic chemicals and chemical intermediates)
 Cont..
• Distilleries
• Integrated paint industry

• Pulp & paper industry excluding manufacturing of paper from

wastepaper and manufacture of paper from ready pulp without
bleaching
• Sugar Industry

• Induction/arc furnaces/cupola furnaces/submerged arc

furnace/crucible furnace/re-heating furnace of capacity more than
5Tonne per heat
 Cont..
• Oil & gas transportation pipeline (crude and refinery/ petrochemical
products), passing through national parks/ sanctuaries/coral reefs
/ecologically sensitive areas including LNG terminal
• Isolated storage & handling of Hazardous chemicals (As per threshold
planning quantity indicated in column 3 of schedule 2 & 3 of MSIHC
Rules 1989 amended 2000)
• Air ports
• All ship breaking yards including ship breaking units
• Industrial estates/ parks/ complexes/areas, export processing Zones
(EPZs), Special Economic Zones (SEZs), Biotech Parks, Leather
Complexes
 Cont..
• Common hazardous waste treatment, storage and disposal facilities
(TSDFs)

• Ports, harbours, jetties, marine terminals, break waters and dredging

• Highways, railways, transport terminals, mass rapid transport systems

• Aerial ropeways

• Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs)

• Common Municipal Solid Waste Management Facility (CMSWMF)

 Cont..
• Building and large construction projects including shopping malls,
multiplexes, commercial complexes, housing estates, hospitals,
institutions
• Townships and Area development projects
• Additional Sectors
• i) Automobile and Auto Components
• ii) Electroplating and Metal Coating
• iii) Electrical and Electronics including component industry
• iv) Glass and Ceramic Industry
• v) Food Processing
The EIA Notification makes
prior Environmental Clearance (EC)
compulsory for
◦ All new projects and activities
◦ Expansion/modernization of existing projects
◦ Activities listed in the Schedule to the Notification
When should EC be
obtained?

1. Before setting up of a new plant

2. Before expansion or modernisation an existing plant
3. For changes in the product mix of an existing plan
Which Authorities can
issue EC?
1. Ministry of Environment & Forests [MoEF]
2. State Environment Impact Assessment Authority [SEIAA]
The EIA Notification calls these two authorities as Regulatory
Authorities. For bigger projects, which fall under Category A in the
Schedule, the MoEF issues the EC. For smaller projects- Category B,
the SEIAA- a Central Government authority operating in each state,
issues the clearance.
SEIAA
◦ The SEIAA is a Central Government
Authority that is constituted by the State
Government but acts on behalf and reports
to the MoEF.
Who recommends issue of
EC for a project to the
Authorities?
1. Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC)
2. State Expert Appraisal Committee (SEAC)
 Steps in EIA process
◦ Screening: The project plan is screened for scale of investment, location and type of
development and if the project needs statutory clearance.
◦ Scoping: The project’s potential impacts, zone of impacts, mitigation possibilities and need
for monitoring.
◦ Collection of baseline data: Baseline data is the environmental status of study area.
◦ Impact prediction: Positive and negative, reversible and irreversible and temporary and
permanent impacts need to be predicted which presupposes a good understanding of the
project by the assessment agency.
◦ Mitigation measures and EIA report: The EIA report should include the actions and steps
for preventing, minimizing or by passing the impacts or else the level of compensation for
probable environmental damage or loss.
◦ Public hearing: On completion of the EIA report, public and environmental groups living
close to project site may be informed and consulted.
 Cont..
◦ Decision making: Impact Assessment Authority along with the experts consult the project-
in-charge along with consultant to take the final decision, keeping in mind EIA and EMP
(Environment Management Plan).
◦ Monitoring and implementation of environmental management plan: The various
phases of implementation of the project are monitored.
◦ Assessment of Alternatives, Delineation of Mitigation Measures and Environmental
Impact Assessment Report: For every project, possible alternatives should be identified,
and environmental attributes compared. Alternatives should cover both project location and
process technologies. Once alternatives have been reviewed, a mitigation plan should be
drawn up for the selected option and is supplemented with an Environmental Management
Plan (EMP) to guide the proponent towards environmental improvements.
◦ Risk assessment: Inventory analysis and hazard probability and index also form part of
EIA procedures.
 Steps in Preparation of
EIA report
1. Collection of baseline data from primary and secondary sources;
2. Prediction of impacts based on past experience and mathematical
modelling;
3. Evolution of impacts versus evaluation of net cost benefit;
4. Preparation of environmental management plans to reduce the impacts
to the minimum;
5. Quantitative estimation of financial cost of monitoring plan the
mitigation measures.
The Main Participants Of EIA
The six main players are:
1. Those who propose the project
2. The environmental consultant who prepare EIA on behalf of project
proponent.
3. Pollution Control Board (State or National).
4. Public has the right to express their opinion.
5. The Impact Assessment Agency.
6. Regional centre of the Ministry of Environment and Forest.
Any question