21cek066

Tutorial 2 Know your surrounding

Object: PAPER
Roll.no:21cek066
Name:Patel Yuvraj B.
Division:K
 21cek066

INDEX
• FORMATION
• USES
• ADVANTEGES OF PAPER
• DISADVANTAGES OF USING PAPER
• EFFECTS TO ENVIRONMENT
• AFTER PROCESS OF PAPER(DISPOSIBLE or RECYCLE)
• REFERENCES
 21cek066

FORMATION

Paper is made in two steps:

1.Cellulose fibers are

extracted from a variety of
sources and converted to
pulp.

2. Pulp is combined with

water and placed on a paper
making machine where it is
flattened, dried, and cut into
sheets and rolls.
 21cek066

Which trees is used for the formation of paper?

Most paper is made from forestry products,
usually trees. The most common of trees that
paper comes from are:
•Spruce
•Pine
•Fir
•Larch
•Hemlock
•Eucalyptus
•Aspen
•Birch
In most cases, the best parts of these trees
are used for construction, and less desirable
portions are used in pulp.
 21cek066

Uses of Paper
Paper is a thin sheet material produced by
mechanically or chemically processing 
cellulose fibres derived from wood, rags, 
grasses or other vegetable sources in water,
draining the water through fine mesh leaving
the fibre evenly distributed on the surface,
followed by pressing and drying. Although
paper was originally made in single sheets by
hand, almost all is now made on large
machines—some making reels 10 metres
wide, running at 2,000 metres per minute and
up to 600,000 tonnes a year. It is a versatile
material with many uses, including printing,
packaging, decorating, writing, cleaning, filter
paper, wallpaper, book endpaper,
conservation paper, laminated worktops, toilet
tissue, currency and security paper and a
number of industrial and construction
processes.

Recycling of paper
• The recycling of paper is the process by which
waste paper is turned into new paper products. It has
a number of important benefits: It saves waste paper
from occupying homes of people and producing  and heated, which breaks it down further into strands
methane as it breaks down. Because paper fibre
 contains carbon (originally absorbed by the tree from
which it was produced), recycling keeps the carbon
locked up for longer and out of the atmosphere.
Around two-thirds of all paper products in the US are
now recovered and recycled, although it does not all
become new paper. After repeated processing the
fibres become too short for the production of new
paper - this is why virgin fibre (from sustainably
farmed trees) is frequently added to the pulp recipe.
21cek066
• The process of waste paper recycling most often
involves mixing used/old paper with water and
chemicals to break it down. It is then chopped up
of cellulose, a type of organic plant material; this
resulting mixture is called pulp, or slurry.
• The process of waste paper recycling most often
involves mixing used/old paper with water and
chemicals to break it down. It is then chopped up and
heated, which breaks it down further into strands of
cellulose, a type of organic plant material; this
resulting mixture is called pulp, or slurry. It is strained
through screens, which remove plastic (especially
from plastic-coated paper) that may still be in the
mixture then cleaned, de-inked (ink is removed),
bleached, and mixed with water.

Rationale for recycling
• Industrialized paper making has an effect on the
environment both upstream (where raw materials are
acquired and processed) and downstream (waste-
disposal impacts).
• Today, 40% of paper pulp is created from wood (in
most modern mills only 9-16% of pulp is made from
pulp logs; the rest comes from waste wood that was
traditionally burnt). Paper production accounts for
about 35% of felled trees, and represents 1.2% of the
world's total economic output.Recycling one ton of  mill operators practice reforestation to ensure a
newsprint saves about 1 ton of wood while recycling
1 ton of printing or copier paper saves slightly more
than 2 tons of wood.This is because kraft pulping
 requires twice as much wood since it removes lignin
 to produce higher quality fibres than mechanical
pulping processes.
21cek066
• Relating tons of paper recycled to the number of
trees not cut is meaningless, since tree size varies
tremendously and is the major factor in how much
paper can be made from how many trees.In
addition, trees raised specifically for pulp production
account for 16% of world pulp production, old growth
forests 9% and second- and third- and more
generation forests account for the balance.Most pulp
continuing supply of trees.The Programme
for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC)
and the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certify
paper made from trees harvested according to
guidelines meant to ensure good forestry practices.
 21cek066

Water and air pollution

• The United States Environmental Protection Agency
 (EPA) has found that recycling causes 35% less water
pollution and 74% less air pollution than making virgin
paper.Pulp mills can be sources of both air and water
pollution, especially if they are producing bleached
 pulp. Modern mills produce considerably less pollution
than those of a few decades ago. Recycling paper
provides an alternative fibre for papermaking. Recycled
pulp can be bleached with the same chemicals used to
bleach virgin pulp, but hydrogen peroxide and 
sodium hydrosulfite are the most common bleaching
agents. Recycled pulp, or paper made from it, is known
as PCF (process chlorine free) if no chlorine-containing
compounds were used in the recycling process.
 21cek066

References
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_recycling
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper
 21cek066

THANK YOU