Chronology of ManagerialAccomplishments

Approximate Period Management Thoughts/Concept Accomplishments and Their Contributors

5000 – 1600 BC Planning and control; material scheduling Pyramids: transportation system for huge
systems; organizational hierarchy. objects; marketing of metal alloys

2000 – 1700 BC Minimum wage; written receipts for control Code of Hammurabi
purposes.

1491 BC Planning, organizing, controlling, partici- Moses, exodus of Jews from Egypt
pative managements, span of control

600 BC Production control; incentive wage payments Nebuchadnezzar, colour coding of raw materials for
specific production lots

500 – 325 BC System approach; specialization, scientific Mencius; Cyrus; Plato; Socrates; Alexander the Great;
methods used; motion study; material handling development of trading companies; development of
techniques; use of the staff principle military organizations
Approximate Period Management Thoughts/Concept
300 BC – AD 284 Scalar principle of organization; job descriptions;
performance standards; written plans unity of command
500 – AD 1400 Decentralized operations; centralized authority;
scalar control; double entry book-keeping; traits of
leaders
1400 – AD 1436 Various financing methods; use of ledgers
international business
1436 – 1600 AD Cost accounting; large-scale manufacturing,
inventory control methods, system of checks and
balances for internal control; personnel techniques
standardization of parts; beginning of use of assembly
lines
Accomplishments and Their Contributors
Roman Empire; Cato; Jesus Christ;
Diocletian
Growth of feudalism
Partnerships; joint ventures; growth of
The Arsenal of Venice; first large industrial plant;
financial, personnel, accounting, and warehousing
techniques refined
Approximate Period Management Thoughts/Concept Accomplishments and Their Contributors

1700 – AD 1785 Application of the principle of specialization; England’s Industrial Revolution; use of printing press; factory
accountability of performance; location system of production; Adam Smith
planning; payback computations; beginning of
classical economic thought

1785 – AD 1820 Market research; forecasting; site location; Steam engine; milling machines; James Watt and Matthew
machine layout studies; interchangeable parts; Boulton; Robert Owen; Eli Whitney
incentive payments; concern for workers

1820 – AD 1891 Development of management theory; descript- Development of digital computer; growth of railways; continued
tion of functions of management; use of organi- industrial development by use of specialization and division of
zation chart; motion studies refined; worker labour, foundations of scientific management; Henry Metcalfe;
fatigue studies; shop management principles; Henry Towne; Frederick Halsey; Charles Babbage
wage incentive plans
Approximate Period Management Thoughts/Concept Accomplishments and Their Contributors

1900 – AD 1920 Scientific Management; functional organization Huge growth in productivity; revolutionary methods in the workplace;
principles of management; time and motion Frederick Taylor; Frank and Lillian Gilbreath; Henry Gantt; Hugo
studies; research on production methods; Gantt Munsterberg; Walter Dill Scott; Harrington Emerson; Henri Fayol;
charts; training programmes for workers; appli- Max Webber
cation of psychology to management; economic
lot size theory; office management concepts;
efficiency engineering

1920 – AD 1940 Modern birth of human relations in industry; Hawthorne studies; Elton Mayo; Mary Parker Follett; Oliver Sheldon;
social responsibility of management; group James Mooney; Chester Burnard
dynamics; theories of motivation and communi-
cation; principles of organization
Contemporary Contributors to Management
Contributor Year Contributions
Quantitative School

Russell Ackoff 1956, 1963 Developed modern theories in operations research and quantitative
applications to business

Howard Raiffa and1965, 1967 Contributed to statistical decision-making theory under conditions
Robert Schlaifer of uncertainty
Used strategic analysis to study competitive markets

Herbert Simon 1955, 1960, 1965 Developed the field of decision theory by use of quantitative models of
human behavior.
Wrote on information sciences, economics and decision-making, forming
a theoretical base for study of organizations globally change.

Norbert Weiner 1949 Developed theories of cybernetics used for modelling operations of the firm.
Applied systems analysis to the study of organizations.
Contributor Year Contributions
Management Process School

Alfred Chandler 1966 Described relationship of strategy formulation to managerial functions of

planning, organizing, and controlling

Ernest Dale 1952, 1960, 1967 Analysed functions of management

Peter Drucker 1954 Developed concepts of management by objectives, managerial planning,

and the importance of knowing the real objectives of the firm.
He is considered as the father of management.

Harold Koontz and

Cyril O’ Donnell 1955 Made the most comprehensive modern statements of the management principles
and the most significant attempts to unravel semantic problems in the literature
Contributor Year Contributions
Behavioral School

Chris Argyris 1957, 1962, 1964 Studied organizations to determine the effect of management practices on
individual behaviour and personal growth.
Described conflicts between organizational goals and personal goals.
prescribed resolution techniques.

Rensis Likert 1961, 1967 Described four “sytems” of management.

Conducted research in effective leadership styles.

Abraham Maslow 1954, 1964 Developed major theory of individual motivation known as hierarchy of needs.
Considered as the founder of humanism in modern organizations.

Douglas Mcgregor 1960, 1967 Described Theory X and Theory Y assumptions of human behaviour.
Laid groudwork for coordinating human effort in complex organizations