Study of ultrastructural pathology of

microtubules and microfilaments in

various cell types (electronograms)
ZHEXENBIN SHYNGGYS BB-1908
IN THE SUBJECT: PATHOLOGY OF CELLS
The study of ultrastructural pathology of microtubules and microfilaments in various types of cells is an
important task.In an electron microscope, numerous structures (organelles) necessary for cell metabolism are
determined. Part of the cells in conditions of pathology contains formations that are not involved in metabolic
processes and are not structurally homogeneous with the cytoplasm — these are inclusions (fat, glycogen,
pigments, etc.). Mitochondria are indicators of the functional state of cells that are most sensitive to
aggression. The destruction (destruction) of an excessive number of mitochondria is carried out by the
processes of autophagy by vacuoles, which play the role of secondary lysosomes.
As has long been known, the study of ultrastructural pathology of microtubules and microfilaments in
various cell types is closely related to Golgi.
Golgi structures are formed by flattened sacs (vacuoles) containing secretory granules and anastomoses
that are interconnected with the endoplasmic reticulum. In them, proteins intended for secretion are
conjugated with carbohydrate groups. Morphological manifestations of secretory function disorders are
expressed either in the form of hyperplasia of the lamellar complex, i.e. an increase in the area of its
membranes and the number of secretory granules, or in the form of atrophy of the lamellar complex,
which is accompanied by reduction (reduction) of vacuoles and loss of secretory granules.
Microtubules are protein intracellular structures that
are part of the cytoskeleton.Microtubules are hollow
cylinders with a diameter of 25 nm. Their length can
be from a few micrometers to probably several
millimeters in the axons of nerve cells. Their wall is
formed by tubulin dimers. Microtubules, like actin
microfilaments, are polar: microtubule self—
assembly occurs at one end, disassembly occurs at
the other. In cells, microtubules play a structural role
in many cellular processes.
Microtubules are structures in which 13 protofilaments[ consisting of α- and β-tubulin
heterodimers are stacked around the circumference of a hollow cylinder. The outer
diameter of the cylinder is about 25 nm, the inner diameter is about 15.One of the
ends of the microtubule, called the plus-end, constantly attaches free tubulin to itself.
From the opposite end — the minus end - tubulin units are split off.β-tubulinThere are
three phases in the formation of microtubules:The delayed phase, or nucleation. This
is the stage of microtubule nucleation, when tubulin molecules begin to combine into
larger formations. Such a connection occurs slower than the attachment of the tubulin
to the already assembled microtubule, which is why the phase is called delayed.The
polymerization phase, or elongation. If the concentration of free tubulin is high, its
polymerization occurs faster than depolymerization at the negative end, due to which
the microtubule lengthens. As it grows, the concentration of tubulin drops to a critical
level, and the growth rate slows down until entering the next phase.Stable state phase.
Depolymerization balances polymerization, and microtubule growth stops.Laboratory
studies show that the assembly of microtubules from tubulins occurs only in the
presence of guanosine triphosphate and magnesium ions.
The study of ultrastructural pathology of microtubules and microfilaments in various
types of cells also concerns the microtubules themselves.Microtubules in the cell are
used as "rails" for transporting particles. Membrane vesicles and mitochondria can
move along their surface. The transport of microtubules is carried out by proteins
called motor proteins. These are high-molecular compounds consisting of two heavy
(weighing about 300 kDa) and several light chains. In heavy chains, the head and tail
domains are isolated. The two head domains bind to microtubules and are themselves
engines, and the tail domains bind to organelles and other intracellular formations to
be transported.
Study of ultrastructural pathology of microtubules and microfilaments
in various cell types (electronograms)pharmaceutical technologies
include microorganisms, cells and tissuesof plant and animal origin,
their structural components andmetabolites. Microorganisms are used
for the production of antibiotics,amino acids, enzymes, vitamins,
recombinant proteins, vaccines andprobiotics, the development of
diagnostic test systems (biochips,polymerase chain reaction, enzyme
immunoassay). Human stem cells are used in cell therapy and tissue
engineering, sexualThe cells are used in in vitro fertilization
technology.
 References
1. http://www.niboch.nsc.ru/lib
2. http://webirbis.kgmu.kz
3. https://usma.ru/wp-content/uploads/=
4.http://stgmu.ru/userfiles/depts/histology_embryology/CITOLOGIYa_Pravka__6-2-17.pdf