THE

MODERN
WORLD
SYSTEM
Prepared by: Aceleen Adrienne A. Agoo
THE MODERN WORLD
SYSTEM
➢ The Emergence of the
World System
➢ Industrial Revolution
➢ Stratification
➢ Open and Close System
➢ The World System
Theory

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 1.
THE
EMERGENCE OF
THE WORLD
SYSTEM
THE EMERGENCE OF THE WORLD SYSTEM

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WALLERSTEIN’S WORLD SYSTEM THEORY

➢ CAPITALIST WORLD ECONOMY

➢ Single world system committed to production for sale

or exchange, with the object of maximizing profits
rather than supplying domestics needs.

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WALLERSTEIN’S WORLD SYSTEM THEORY

➢ The world system is arranged according to influence:

core (most dominant), to semi-periphery, to
periphery (least dominant).

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 The world system is arranged according to influence:

➢ CORE consists of the ➢ Technologically advanced,

capital-intensive products
strongest and most
are produced and exported
powerful nations
to the semi periphery and
the periphery.

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 The world system is arranged according to influence:

➢ SEMIPERIPHERY ➢ lack of power and

consists of economic dominance
industrialized third of the core nations.
world nations.

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 The world system is arranged according to influence:

➢ PERIPHERY consists ➢ primarily concerned with

exporting raw materials and
of consists of nations
agricultural goods to the
whose economic
core and semi periphery.
activities are less
mechanized.

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 2.
INDUSTRIALIZATIO
N
CAUSES OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

➢ The Industrial Revolution transformed Europe from a domestic

(home handicraft) system to a capitalist industrial system.

➢ Industrialization initially produced goods that were already

widely used and in great demand.

➢ Cotton Products, Iron, and Pottery

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CAUSES OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

➢ Manufacturing shifted from homes to factories where

production was large scale and cheap.
➢ Industrialization fueled a new kind of urban growth in
which factories clustered together in regions where
coal and labor were cheap.

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 ENGLAND AND FRANCE
➢ The Industrial Revolution began in England.

➢ The French did not have to transform their domestic

manufacturing system in order to increase production because it
could draw on a larger labor force.

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 ENGLAND AND FRANCE
➢ England, however, was already operating at maximum
production so that in order to increase yields innovation was
necessary.

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 ENGLAND AND FRANCE

➢ Weber argued that the pervasiveness of Protestant beliefs

in values contributed to the spread and success of
industrialization in England

➢ Catholicism inhibited industrialization in France.

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 3.
STRATIFICATION
 INDUSTRIAL STRATIFICATION

➢ Initially, industrialization in England raised the overall

standard of living,
➢ factory owners soon began to recruit cheap labor from
among the poorest populations.

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 INDUSTRIAL STRATIFICATION

➢ Marx saw this trend as an expression of a fundamental

capitalist opposition:
➢ the Bourgeoisie (capitalists) vs. the Proletariat
(property less workers).

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 expression of a fundamental capitalist opposition:

1. BOURGEOISIE 2. PROLETARIAT PROLETARIANIZATION

the capitalist class the workers or Social process whereby
who own most of working class people move from being
society’s wealth and people, regarded either an employer,
means of collectively. unemployed, or self-
employed, to being
production.
employed as wage labor
by an emperor.

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 INDUSTRIAL STRATIFICATION
➢ Weber argued that Marx’s model was oversimplified.

➢ Three main factors contributing to socioeconomic stratification:

￫ Wealth (economic status)
￫ Power (Political Status)
￫ Prestige (Social Status)

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 INDUSTRIAL STRATIFICATION

➢ CLASS CONSCIOUSNESS (Marx) is the

recognition of a commonalty of interest and
identification with the other members of one’s
economic stratum.

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 INDUSTRIAL STRATIFICATION

➢ With considerable modification, it is recognized that a

combination of the Marxian and Weberian models
may be used to describe The Modern Capitalist World.

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The distinction, Core - Semi periphery - Periphery, is used to
describe a worldwide division of labor and capital ownership,
but it is pointed out that the growing middle class and the
existence of peripheries within core nations complicate the issue
beyond the vision of Marx or Weber.

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 POVERTY ON THE PERIPHERY

➢ With the expansion of capitalism into the periphery, most

of the local landowners have been displaced from their
land by large landowners who in turn hired the displaced
people at low wages to work the land they once owned.

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 POVERTY ON THE PERIPHERY
➢ Bangladesh is a good example of this in which British
colonialism increased stratification, as only a few
landowners own most of the land.

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 MALAYSIAN FACTORY WOMEN

➢ To combat rural poverty, the Malaysian government has

encouraged large international companies to set up labor-
intensive manufacturing operations in rural Malaysia.

➢ Factory life contrasts sharply with the traditional customs of

the rural Malaysians.

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MALAYSIAN FACTORY
WOMEN

AIHWA ONG has studied the

effect of work in Japanese
electronics factories on
Malaysian women employees.

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 MALAYSIAN FACTORY WOMEN

➢ Severe contrasts between the work conditions and the culture of

the women generate alienation, which results in stress.

➢ This stress has been manifested as possession by were tigers,

which expresses the workers’ resistance, but has as yet effected
little change in the overall situation.

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MALAYSIAN FACTORY
WOMEN

➢ Ong argues that spirit

possession is a form of
rebellion and resistance that
enable factory women to
avoid direct confrontation
with the source of their
distress.

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➢ Spirit possessions were not very effective at bringing
about improvements in the factory conditions, and
actually they may help maintain the current conditions
by operating as a safety valve for stress.

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 4.
OPEN AND
CLOSED CLASS
SYSTEMS
 CLOSED CLASS SYSTEMS
CASTE SYSTEMS SOUTH AFRICAN STATE
➢ are closed, hereditary APARTHEID SANCTIONED
systems of ➢ is given as SLAVERY
stratification that are
comparable to a ➢ wherein humans
often dictated by
religion. caste system, in are treated as
that it was property, is the
ascriptive and most extreme form
closed through of legalized
law. inequality.

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 OPEN CLASS SYSTEMS

➢ VERTICAL MOBILITY refers to the upward or

downward change in a person's status.
￫ It exists only in open class systems.
￫ OPEN CLASS SYSTEMS are more commonly found
in modern states than in archaic states.

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 5.
THE WORLD
SYSTEM TODAY
 The World System Today

➢ The world system theory argues that the present-day

interconnectedness of the world has generated a
global culture, wherein the trends of complementarity
and specialization are being manifested at an
international level.

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 THE PRODUCT OF EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM AND
COLONIALISM

IMPERIALISM refers to a COLONIALISM refers to the

policy of extending rule of a political, social, economic, and
nation or empire over foreign cultural domination of a
nations and of taking and territory and its people by a
holding foreign colonies. foreign power for an extended
period of time.

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The spread of industrialization and overconsumption has
taken place from the core to the periphery.

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THE AMERICAN
PERIPHERY

➢ THOMAS COLLINS
compared two counties
at opposite ends of
Tennessee,

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THE AMERICAN
PERIPHERY

➢ both of which used to have

economies dominated by
agriculture and timber, but
now have few employment
opportunities.

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 THE AMERICAN PERIPHERY

➢ The population in Hill County in eastern Tennessee is mostly

white and opposes labor unions, which has attracted some
Japanese companies to the county.
➢ The population in Delta County in western Tennessee is
mostly black and strongly supports labor unions, which has
deterred companies from setting up factories in the county.

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 INDUSTRIAL DEGRADATION

➢ The Industrial Revolution greatly accelerated the

encompassment of the world by states, all but eliminating
all previous cultural adaptations.

➢ Expansion of the world system is often accompanied by

Genocide, Ethnocide, and Ecocide.

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COLONIALISM
AND
DEVERLOPMENT
 Imperialism Colonialism
➢ refers to a policy of ➢ refers to the political, social,
extending rule of a nation or economic, and cultural
empire over foreign nations domination of a territory
and of taking and holding and its people by a foreign
foreign colonies. power for an extended

➢ is as old as the state. period of time.

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 British Colonialism
➢ Fueled by the search for resources and new markets to increase
profits.
➢ The first phase was concentrated in the New World, west Africa,
and India and came to a close with the American Revolution.
➢ The second period of colonialism, Britain eventually controlled
most of India, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and large
portions of eastern and southern Africa.

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 British Colonialism

➢ British colonial efforts were justified by what Kipling

called “white man’s burden,” which asserted that
native peoples were not capable of governing
themselves and needed the white British colonialist to
provide and maintain order.

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 French Colonialism
➢ driven more by the state, the church , and the military, rather than
by business interests.
➢ The first phase of French colonial efforts was focused in Canada,
the Louisiana Territory, the Caribbean, and west Africa.
➢ During the second phase of French colonialism (1870 to World
War II), the empire grew to include most of north Africa and
Indochina.

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 French Colonialism

➢ The ideological legitimization for French colonialism

was mission civilisatrice (similar to “white man’s
burden”): to spread French culture, language, and
religion throughout the colonies.

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 Two Forms of Colonial Rule:

➢ INDIRECT RULE ➢ DIRECT RULE refers

refers to the French to the French practice of
practice of governing imposing new
through native political governments upon native
structures and leaders. populations.

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COLONIALISM AND
IDENTITY

➢ Ethnic and political

distinctions around the
world were severely
disrupted by colonialism.

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 Postcolonial Studies
➢ refers to research that targets the interactions between European
nations and the societies they colonized.
￫ The term has also been used to refer to the second half of the
20th century.
￫ The term may also be used to signify a position against
imperialism and Eurocentrism.

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 The post colonies can be divided into

SETTLER POST NONSETTLER MIXED POST

colonies include POST colonies are colonies refer to
countries that are characterized by countries with both
dominated by large native sizable native and
European settlers populations and European
with only sparse only a small number populations
native populations of Europeans

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➢ An intervention philosophy is an ideological
justification for interference in the lives of natives,
based upon the assumption that one is in possession of
a superior way of doing or thinking.

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 Development
➢ BRITISH EMPIRE – white man's burden.

➢ FRENCH EMPIRE – mission civilisatrice.

➢ ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PLANS – industrialization,

modernization, westernization, and individualism are desirable
evolutionary advances that will bring long-term benefits to
natives.

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 Problems

➢ Problems Associated with Narrowly Focused

Intervention and Development.
➢ Situations construed as problems resulting from an
indigenous lifestyle may in fact be a result of the
world system’s impact on that lifestyle.

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 Problems

➢ The systemic effects of development projects may

actually be harmful.
➢ Narrowly focused experts are not as likely to be aware
of the broad-spectrum implications of development
schemes.

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 The Brazilian Sisal Schème
➢ In the 1950s, Brazil’s government attempted to introduce sisal as
a cash crop into the subsistence economy of the sertão.

➢ Development increased dependence on the world economy,

ruined the local subsistence economy, and worsened local health
and income distribution.
 The Greening of Java
➢ Worldwide, it has increased food supplies and reduced food
prices.

➢ However, the emphasis on front capital and advanced

technological and chemical farming allowed the bureaucratic and
economic elites of Java to strengthen their positions at the
expense of poorer farmers.

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The Greening of Java
➢ Ann Stoler’s analysis of the
green revolution’s impact on
Java suggested that it
differentially affected such
things as gender stratification,
depending on class.

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 Equity

➢ A commonly stated goal of development projects is

increased equity, which means a reduction in poverty and a
more even distribution of wealth.

➢ This goal is frequently thwarted by local elites acting to

preserve or enhance their positions.

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 The Third World Talks Back
➢ Applied anthropologists have been criticized for ethnocentrism
in their own approaches to development
￫ Too much focus on multiple and micro-causes while
ignoring major social inequalities.
￫ Early projects were too psychologically oriented.

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 The Third World Talks Back
￫ Too much focus on technological diffusion as the primary
source of change.

➢ Other critics have pointed out associations between

anthropologists and certain government agencies.

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 Strategies for Innovation

➢ Kottak describes his comparative analysis of sixty-

eight development projects, wherein he determined
that culturally compatible economic development
projects were twice as successful financially as the
incompatible ones.

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 Strategies for Innovation
➢ Overinnovation refers to development projects that require major
changes on behalf of the target community
￫ Projects that are guilty of overinnovation are generally not
successful.
￫ To avoid overinnovation, development projects need to be
sensitive to the traditional culture and concerns of daily life
in the target community.

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 Underdifferentiation
➢ Underdifferentiation is the tendency to overlook cultural
diversity and view less-developed countries as alike.

➢ Many development projects incorrectly assume that the nuclear

family is the basic unit of production and land ownership.

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 Underdifferentiation

➢ Many development projects also incorrectly assume that

cooperatives based on models from the former Eastern bloc
will be readily incorporated by rural communities.

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 Third World Models
➢ The best models for economic development are to be found in
the target communities.
➢ Realistic development promotes change, not overinnovation, by
preserving local systems while making them work better.
➢ The Malagasy example shows attention paid to local social forms
and environmental conditions.

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