Implementing Information System

Unit IV

MISSION VISION CORE VALUES

CHRIST is a nurturing ground for an individual’s holistic development to Excellence and Service Faith in God | Moral Uprightness
make effective contribution to the society in a dynamic environment Love of Fellow Beings
Social Responsibility | Pursuit of Excellence
Information systems planning

● IS planning is the process of deciding the objectives for organizational computing and

identifying computer applications to achieve them.

● The business/IT planning process focuses on discovering innovative approaches to

satisfying a company’s customer and business value goals.

● This planning leads to the development of strategies and business models for new e-

business and e-commerce platforms, processes , products and services.

Components of IS Planning

● IS Strategy Development

● IS Resource Management

● IS Technology Architecture
Aligning business objectives and values with IS strategies

Business IS
IS Strategy IS resource
and technology
development management
customer architecture
planning planning
value planning

Feedback
● IS Strategy development : This involves developing IS\IT strategies that support the long-

term objectives of companies. IS strategies support and align with business strategies.

● IS Technology architecture: This involves choosing the right technology architecture and

applications that support IS, business strategies and e-business initiatives.

● IS Resource management : This involves planning and developing strategic plans for

creating, managing or outsourcing an organization's IT resources. IT includes hardware,

software, data, network and people resources.

Planning Methodologies

● Business Systems planning : developed by IBM, involves top-down planning with

bottom-up implementation strategy. In this methodology, firm identifies its business

mission, objectives and functions and then analyses how these objectives determine its

business processes.

● Strategic systems planning : Determines the overall direction of systems development.

It defines a business function model by analysing major functional areas.

Contd..

Information Engineering : It is a methodology that is used to build an IT architecture to

plan, analyze, design and implement applications for an enterprise. It provides techniques for

building enterprise, data and process models. It is more technically oriented approach than

other IS planning methodologies.

System development life cycle

● System development is a structured kind of problem-solving approach with distinct

activities.

● These activities consist of systems analysis, systems design, programming, testing,

implementation and maintenance. When these activities are performed in a systematic

and cyclic way, they are together called the SDLC.

1. Feasibility study

● First step in the process of system development.

● It is a preliminary study to assess the major information requirements, resource

requirements, costs, benefits and feasibility of the proposed systems.

● Feasibility study report is prepared by the IS specialists and business professionals which

presents the various aspects of feasibility with respect to organizational, economic,

technical and operational environment.

Feasibility Studies
2. System Analysis
● It is an in-depth study of end-user information needs that produces functional
requirements that are used as the basis for the design of a new information system.
● It is a study of the organization, the users, the organization’s environment and its
requirements.
● It consists of
■ Identifying and defining the problems

■ Identifying the causes

■ Specifying the solutions

■ Identifying the information requirements

Types of system analysis

● Organizational analysis
○ It studies the management structure, its people, business activities and present IS.

○ How can people improve an information system if they know very little about the organizational
environment in which that system is located?

● Requirements analysis
○ It defines the objectives of the new or modified system and develops a detailed description of the
functions that the new system must perform.

○ 60 % of IS projects fail because of the faulty requirements analysis

3. System Design

● It dictates what a system should do to meet the information requirements; the system

design answers how the system will accomplish the objectives.

● It encompasses all the design activities that generate system specifications meeting the

functional requirements that were developed during the system analysis process.

● Data Flow Diagram : offers a logical graphic model of information flow, portioning a

system into modules that show manageable levels of detail.

DFD Level 0
Logical Model of the Process
System design activities

● User Interface Design : It consists of input forms, output forms, reports and dialogue designs.
As UI is the bridge between the business users and their computer applications, it has to be
designed in the most appealing, aesthetic, ergonomic and user-friendly manner.
● Database Design : In this process, the structure of the database is designed. The data items
are first designed at the atomic level and then specifications are defined for each data item.
● Process Design : It specifies how the computer system will function from data entry to the
output stage. It indicates the logic of data processing and the flow of control from the start to
the end of the process.
4. Construction / Development

● Also known as programming/coding stage.

● The system specifications that were prepared during the design stage are translated into
software programs.
● It is executed by technically trained personnel
● Most of the organizations outsource this part or opt out for a ready-made software
package to meet the organization’s requirements.
● Construction or development of systems is either done using the SDLC method or the
prototyping method.
● SDLC (Waterfall approach) – traditional approach; use d for building large complex
systems that require formal analysis and predefined specifications.
● The new task can be taken up only once the old one is completed. It does not offer
flexibility and agility in the development process..
SDLC MODEL/waterfall
● PROTOTYPING MODEL

Identify user’ basic

requirements

Develop a working
prototype

Test the use of the

prototype

Revise and No
enhance the User feedback
prototype
Ye
s
Use the accepted
prototype
● Prototyping : makes the development process faster and easier, especially for projects

where end-user requirements are hard to define.

○ Repetitive and iterative process

○ Is done for a small part of the system and is put to use for evaluation before the entire system is

constructed.
5. Testing and Evaluation

● Testing is done to check whether the system produces right results, is bug free and is
made as per the specifications developed during system design.
● Automated tools such as WinRunner (HP), LoadRunner (HP), TeamTest(IBM) are
available in the market to do this process.
● Testing approaches
○ Unit testing

○ System testing

○ Acceptance testing
Contd..

● Unit testing : It verifies a specific section of program at the function level for its working

and quality. Main objectives is to ensure that the programs are error free.

● System testing : Testing is done for a complete, integrated system to evaluate the

system’s compliance with the specific requirements.

● Acceptance testing : ensures that system is ready for deployment. Performed by

customer, in their test environment, on their own hardware.

6. Implementation

● Once a new IS has been designed, developed and tested, it must be implemented and

maintained to keep the system operating smoothly in the organisation.

● The System implementation stage involves hardware and software acquisition, conversion,

data migration, training etc.

7. Maintenance

Maintenance of the system is an on-going process and involves continuous debugging ,

improvising, optimizing, processing speed efficiency, updating new requirement, and updating

hardware, software, and documentation.

Outsourcing

● Application software packages

● Outsourcing development services

● Offshore outsourcing
Implementation : Planning

● In project management, implementation requires meticulous planning and control

measures. So that the professionals can modify and correct the processes to achieve

the desired results.

○ Set objectives : explain what the company wishes to achieve by implementing MIS

○ Define KPI : act as benchmark for testing the success of an MIS once its been implemented.

○ Muster organizational support for new MIS

○ Commit resources
Challenges of Implementation

● End-user resistance : As implementing the Erp, may involve a change in strategy,

processes, technology, and even people, it may generate some resistance by the people

affected by it.

● Change Management : a culture with shared values and common aims is conducive to

success. Organizations should have a strong corporate identity that is open to change.
Stages of implementation

● Awareness : Design

● Documentation : Analysis

● Development : Customization

● Deployment : Implementation
Implementation Process

● Installation

● Training

● Testing

● Data Conversion

● Handholding Support

● Roll-Out
Approaches to Implementation Roll-Out

● Big- Bang

● Pilot

● Phased

● Parallel
Causes of success and failure in implementation

● User involvement and influence

● Management support and commitment

● Level of complexity and risk

● Management of implementation process