The Industrial Revolution

 Historical Force: Henry Adam defined it as “ any thing that does, or

helps to do, work.”The work to which Adam refers is the power to
cause events.
 The first historical force is the industrial revolution, a powerful force
that grips the imagination of humanity.
 The term industrial revolution refers to transforming changes that turn
simple economies of farmers and artisans into complex industrial
economies.
 This transformation occurs in the presence of certain economic,
technological, political, and philosophical conditions.
 Industrial revolution remakes society. It elevates living standards, alters
life experience, and shifts values.
 In the words of one historian, it “ fosters greater opportunity, tolerance
of diversity, social mobility, commitment to fairness, and dedication to
democracy.
Inequality
 Inequality is ubiquitous, as are its consequences i.e. envy, demands
for fair distribution of wealth, and doctrines to justify why some
people have more than others.
 Global income inequality is measured by the Gini index, a statistic
in which 0% stands for absolute equality, i.e. , a theoretical situation
in which everyone has the same income, and 100% represents
absolute inequality, where 1 person has all the income.
 The cause of most of the rise in world income inequality is a
growing gap between the peoples of rich and poor nations, not a
growing separation of rich and poor within nations.
 Inequality is resilient and, according to the UN, “ truly staggering
on global scale.” It is perpetuated by social institutions such as
caste, marriage, land ownership, law and market relationships.
Population Growth
 In early days ( some 1000 years ago) population started increasing with
the inception of large scale crop cultivation.
 Later in 19th century it turned into a skyrocketing rise and through the
twentieth century. The astonishing growth had two causes both related
to industrial revolution. Firstly, advances in water sanitation, hygiene ,
and scientific medicine reduced deaths from infectious disease, leading
to rapid mortality decline. Secondly, mechanized farming expanded the
food supply to feed record numbers.
 Replacement Fertility rate : the number of children a woman must have
on average to ensure that one daughter survives to reproductive age.
 Migration now plays a larger role in population dynamics than in the
past.
 Falling fertility, low mortality, and migration will drive future
population changes.