The Philippine’s Natural Disaster/ Calamities

Research Paper
Manalo, Ma. Camila P.
Typhoons
 Typhoon Haiyan
known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Yolanda

• Formed: November 3, 2013

• Dissipated: November 11, 2013
• The massive tropical cyclone Super Typhoon Haiyan, which
devastated a large portion of the central Philippines on
November 8, 2013
• Highest winds: 10-minute sustained: 230 km/h (145 mph)

1-minute sustained: 315 km/h (195 mph)

• Lowest pressure: 895 hPa (mbar); 26.43 inHg
• Fatalities: 6,300 confirmed, 1,061 missing
• Damage: ₱95.5 billion
• Affected Areas: North Cebu, Panay, West Leyte, and East
Leyte
 Storm signal number 4 has been raised by the state weather
bureau in these provinces:
• Eastern Samar
• Samar
• Leyte
• Southern Leyte
• Biliran
• Extreme Northern Cebu including Bantayan Island
• Capiz
• Aklan
• Northern Antique
• Winds of more than 185 km/h can be expected in these areas
within 12 hours. This is also the first time signal number 4 has
been raised in an area outside Luzon, since the typhoon signal
was created in 1991.
• The bureau warned of "very heavy" damage to affected
communities, which will include major power and
communications disruptions; severe agricultural losses; and
major infrastructure damage.
 Storm signal number 3, meanwhile, is in effect over
the following areas:
• Siargao Island • Northern Cebu including
• Dinagat Province Cebu City
• Rest of Antique • Northern Samar
• Iloilo • Bohol
• Guimaras • Masbate
• Northern Negros • Ticao Island
Occidental • Sorsogon
• Northern Negros Oriental • Romblon
• Calamian Group of Islands
• These areas can expect winds of 101-185 km/h within 18 hours.
There will be heavy damage to agriculture; moderate to heavy
disruption to power and communications; damage to structures
made out of light to medium materials; and large trees could be
uprooted.

• Travel by any means – land, sea, or air – is dangerous.

• Northern Samar is the only province in Region VIII to have a

storm signal lower than 4.
Storm signal number 2, where winds between 61-
100 km/h is expected within the next 24 hours, has
been raised over these areas:
• Occidental Mindoro • Rest of Negros Oriental
• Oriental Mindoro • Siquijor
• Marinduque • Rest of Cebu
• Albay • Camiguin
• Extreme Northern • Surigao Del Norte
Palawan • Surigao Del Sur
• Burias Is. • Agusan del Norte
• Rest of Negros Occidental
.
• There will be moderate damage to agriculture, particularly
to rice and corn; partial damage to structures made of
light materials; and sea and air travel will be risky
 Storm signal number 1, meanwhile, has been raised
over these areas:

• Metro Manila • Cavite

• Bataan • Batangas
• Camarines Norte • Lubang Island
• Camarines Sur • Rest of Northern Palawan
• Catanduanes including Puerto Princesa
• Southern Quezon • Misamis Oriental
• Laguna • Agusan del Sur
• Rizal
• Landfall is expected to occur in the vicinity of Guiuan, Eastern
Samar or Abuyog, Leyte at around 8 am Friday, November 8, the
bureau said in its 5 pm press conference.
• After making landfall, the typhoon is expected to traverse Leyte,
Biliran, the northern tip of Cebu, Iloilo, Capiz, Aklan, Romblon,
Semirara island, the southern area of Mindoro island, and then
Busuanga.
• It is moving west northwest at a speed of 39 km/h, and is
expected to be 55 km east of Coron, Palawan by Friday evening.
It will be 1,032 km west of Manila, or outside the Philippine Area
of Responsibility by Saturday evening, November 9.
 Severe Tropical Storm Washi
known in the Philippines as Tropical Storm Sendong,
• Formed: December 13, 2011
• Dissipated: December 19, 2011
• By December 16, "Sendong" crossed the island of Mindanao,
lashing the provinces of Agusan del Sur, Bukidnon, and Misamis
Oriental.
• Washi made landfall over Mindanao, a major region in the
Philippines, on December 16. Washi weakened slightly after
passing Mindanao, but regained strength in the Sulu Sea, and
made landfall again over Palawan on December 17.
• Highest winds : 10-minute sustained: 95 km/h (60 mph)
1-minute sustained: 95 km/h (60 mph)
• Lowest pressure: 992 hPa (mbar); 29.29 inHg
• Fatalities: 1,292 deaths, 1,049 missing, and 2,002

injured
• Throughout the affected areas, nearly 40,000 homes were
damaged of which 11,463 were destroyed. Nearly 700,000
people were affected by the storm
• Damage directly related to the storm amounted to ₱ 2.068
billion (2012 PhP, $48.4 million USD).
PSWS# Luzon Visayas Mindanao

Surigao del Norte incl. Siargao Island, Surigao del

Southern Leyte, Bohol,
Southern portion of Cebu,
Southern portion of Negros
2 Palawan
Oriental, Southern Portion
of Negros Occidental,
Siquijor
Sur, Dinagat Province, Agusan del Norte, Agusan
del Sur, Davao del Norte, Davao Oriental, Samal
Island, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Misamis
Occidental, Misamis Oriental, Zamboanga del
Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, North Cotabato,
Compostela Valley, Camiguin, Bukidnon,
Maguindanao, Camotes Islands

Eastern Samar, Western

portion of Samar, Northern
Masbate,
portion of Leyte, Rest of
Sorsogon, Ticao
1 Cebu, Rest of Negros None
Islands, Cuyo
Oriental, Rest of Negros
Islands, Coron
Occidental, Capiz, Antique,
Aklan, Iloilo, Guimaras
 Typhoon Bopha
known in the Philippines as Typhoon Pablo
• The strongest tropical cyclone on record to ever affect the
southern Filipino island of Mindanao, making landfall as a
Category 5 super typhoon with winds of 175 mph (280 km/h)
• Formed: November 25, 2012
• Dissipated: December 9, 2012
• Highest winds: 10-minute sustained: 185 km/h (115 mph)
1-minute sustained: 280 km/h (175 mph)
• Lowest pressure: 930 hPa (mbar); 27.46 inHg
• Damage: ₱43.2 billion
• Fatalities: 1,901
• The hardest hit areas, the Compostela Valley and Davao
Oriental provinces, the heavy rainfall triggered landslides and
floods. Floods destroyed farming and mining towns all along the
coast, flattening banana plantations and completely destroying
some citizens' livelihoods
• Made landfall over Mindanao on December 4, destroying
homes, cutting power and forcing the cancellation of flights and
ferry services. There was only one confirmed death at that
moment, but local media said people were injured by flying
debris and falling trees.
• The typhoon had affected more than 213,000 people,
demolished houses and stranded people in two Mindanao
regions and parts of the Visayas region
Signal number 3 Signal number 2 Signal number 1

Cuyo Island in Luzon. Eastern Samar,

Western Samar, Leyte, Biliran, Aklan,
has been raised in the provinces of
Mindanao;The provinces of Surigao Capiz, Antique, Iloilo, Guimaras,
Southern Leyte, Bohol, Camiguin,
del Sur, Surigao del Norte, Siargao, Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental,
Misamis Oriental, Bukidnon,Davao del
Dinagat, Agusan del Norte, Agusan Cebu, Siquijor
Norte, and Compostela Valley.
del Sur, and Davao Oriental Zamboanga Provinces, Lanao
Provinces, Davao del Sur, North
Cotabato, and Maguindanao
 Hurricane and Typhoon Preparedness Checklist
• Build an emergency kit and make a family emergency plan
• Know your surroundings
• Learn the elevation level of your property and whether the land
is flood-prone, which will help you know how your property will
be affected when storm surge or tidal flooding are forecasted
• Identify levees and dams in your area and determine whether
they pose a hazard to you
• Learn community hurricane evacuation routes and how to find
higher ground
• Determine where you would go and how you would get there if
you needed to evacuate
• Make plans to secure your property:
• Cover all of your home's windows with permanent storm shutters
or 5/8-inch marine plywood, cut to fit and ready to install (tape
does not prevent windows from breaking!)
• Install straps or additional clips to securely fasten your roof to
the frame structure
• Be sure trees and shrubs around your home are well trimmed so
they are more wind resistant
• Clear loose and clogged rain gutters and downspouts
• Reinforce your garage doors; if wind enters a garage it can
cause dangerous and expensive structural damage
• Plan to bring in all outdoor furniture, decorations, garbage
cans and anything else that is not tied down
• Determine how and where to secure your boat
• Install a generator for power outages
• If in a high-rise building, be prepared to take shelter on or
below the 10th floor
• Consider building a safe room
Earth Quakes
Year Magnitude Location / Name Date

2001 7.5 Philippine Sea near Tarragona, Jan-01

Davao Oriental

2002 7.5 Moro Gulf Mar-05

Philippine Sea near Borongan

2003 6.5 Nov-18
City, Eastern Samar

Batangas Bay near Mabini,

2004 6.5 Oct-08
Batangas

2005 6.4 Moro Gulf, Mindanao Nov-30

Luzon Strait near Babuyan

2006 6.3 Oct-09
Island
2007 6.4 Davao Gulf near Governor Ge Aug-20
neroso, Davao Oriental

2008 6.9 Philippine Sea near Mar-03

Cabodiongan, Eastern Samar

2009 6.6 Moro Gulf, Mindanao Oct-04

2010 7.6 Moro Gulf, Mindanao Jul-23

2011 6.4 Luzon Straight near Fuga Mar-20

Island, Cagayan

2012 7.6 Philippine Sea near Guiuan, E Aug-31

astern Samar

2013 7.2 Sagbayan, Bohol Oct-15

2014 6.6 Moro Gulf, Mindanao Dec-02

2015 6.1 Philippine Sea near Burgos, Surigao Jul-03

del Norte
2016 6.3 Philippine Sea near Mati City, Davao Sep-24
Oriental
2017 7.2 Sarangani Bay near Sarangani, Dava April 29
o Oriental
Davao Gulf near Governor Generoso,
2018 7.2 Dec-29
Davao Oriental

2019 6.9 Matanao, Davao del Sur Dec-15

2020 6.6 Masbate Pass near Cataingan, Masb Aug-18

ate
2021 7.1 Governor Generoso, Davao Oriental Aug-11
 In the event of an earthquake...
• React Safely
Learn what to do during an earthquake. Hold periodic family drills to
practice what you have learned. Through practice, you can condition
yourselves to react spontaneously and safely when the first jolt or
shaking is felt.

• Take Cover
In each room of your home, identify the safest places to "drop, cover,
and hold on" during an earthquake. Practice going to these safe spots
during family drills to ensure that everyone learns where they are.
• Survive on Your Own
Assemble and maintain a household emergency supply kit and be sure
that all family members know where it is stored. The kit should consist of
one or two portable containers (e.g., plastic tubs, backpacks, duffel bags)
holding the supplies that your family would need to survive without
outside assistance for at least 3 days following an earthquake or other
disaster. Make additional, smaller kits to keep in your car(s) and at your
place(s) of work.

• Stay in Contact
List addresses, telephone numbers and evacuation sites for all places
frequented by family members (e.g., home, workplaces, schools). Include
the phone number of an out-of-state contact. Ensure that family
members carry a copy of this list and include copies in your emergency
• Care for People, Pets and Property
Get training in first aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
through your local chapter of the Red Cross. Find out where you could
shelter your pet should it become necessary to evacuate your home.
Ensure that family members know how and when to call 9-1-1, how to
use your home fire extinguisher, and how, where and when to shut off
your home's utilities (water, natural gas and electricity). Ask your state
insurance commissioner about the availability of earthquake insurance
in your state.
Volcanic Eruption
 Taal Volcano 2020-2021
• First eruption - January 12–22, 2020
• Second eruption - July 1–9, 2021
• Third eruption - 17 November 2021
• Type: Phreatomagmatic
• Location: Batangas, Calabarzon, Philippines
14°00′38″N 120°59′52″E
• VEI: 4
• Impact: 39 dead (only 1 direct, 38 indirect)
• Affecting more than 736,000 people in CALABARZON (Region
IV-A), Central Luzon (Region III) and National Capital Region
(NCR), and leading to an evacuation of more than 135,000
people, damage to infrastructure and livelihoods, and disruption
of essential services, such as water supply and education.

• On February 13, (NDRRMC) and (PHIVOLCS) have reported a

total of 2,484 volcano tectonic earthquakes on the vicinity of the
volcano since the eruption, 176 of which were felt
• The strongest were a series of Mw4.1 magnitude earthquakes
originating 6 kilometers (3.7 mi) northwest of Agoncillo,
Batangas, which were recorded at least thrice: at 11:56 pm on
January 12, 3:11 am on January 13, and 6:35 am later that day.

• As a result, an Intensity III ("weak") on the PHIVOLCS

Earthquake Intensity Scale was felt in Tagaytay and an Intensity
II ("slightly felt") was felt in Malabon
• Between 11:39 pm on January 13, 2020, and 5:50 am the
following day, PHIVOLCS reported a total of 44 earthquakes in
the towns of Calaca, Laurel, Lemery, Mataasnakahoy, San Luis,
Taal and Talisay in Batangas, and Alfonso in Cavite; among the
strongest were a magnitude Mw 3.6 in Taal, which was felt at an
Intensity III in Tagaytay

• magnitude Mw 3.9 originating 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) northeast of

Talisay at 2:05 am, measuring an Intensity IV ("moderately
strong") in Tagaytay and Intensity II in Malabon and Pasay
 Mayon Eruption 2018
• On January 13, 2018, at 4:21 pm (PST), a phreatic eruption
occurred that propelled a grayish steam and ash plume
approximately 2500 meters high that drifted to the southwest
side of the volcano.

• On January 14, 2018, Mayon Volcano's alert status was

upgraded to Alert Level 3 (increased tendency towards a
hazardous eruption) after 3 phreatic eruptions and 158 rockfall
events were recorded.
• On January 16, 2018, the province of Albay declared a state of
calamity as lava flows reached the limits of the 6-kilometer
evacuation zone.

• On January 22, 2018, Alert Level 4 was raised after Mayon

spewed a 3-kilometer tall ash column at around 12:45 pm. The
eruption type was classified as a Strombolian eruption.

• On January 23, 2018, Mayon spewed 300 to 500-meter lava

fountains and ash plumes with a 4 to 5-hour interval. Lava
bombs and rockfalls could also be observed and sounds from
the volcano could be heard.
• On January 24, 2018, column of ashes and lava fountains were
spewed again with an interval of 4 to 5 hours. Fire bombs and
rockfalls could also be observed and sounds from the eruptions
could be heard.

• On January 25, 2018, column of ashes and lava fountains were

spewed again. Fire bombs and rockfalls could also be observed
and sounds from the eruptions could be heard. The eruptions
had an interval of 3 to 5 hours.
• On March 6, 2018, after observing a decline in volcanic activity,
PHIVOLCS-DOST downgraded the alert level back to Alert
Level 3.

• On March 29, 2018, after observing a further decline in activity,

PHIVOLCS-DOST lowered the alert level back to Alert Level 2
signifying the end of Mayon's eruptive activity and the volcano's
decline to a moderate level of unrest.

• On December 26, 2018, Mayon caused two phreatic

explosions but maintains Alert Level 2
• Intensity: Mayon spewed 300 to 500-meter lava fountains and
ash plumes with a 4 to 5-hour interval. Lava bombs and rockfalls
could also be observed and sounds from the volcano could be
heard.
• Total of 23,703 families / 90,739 persons were affected in 61
barangays in the municipalities/cities of; Bacacay, Camalig,
Guinobatan, Ligao City, Daraga, Tabaco City, Malilipot, Santo
Domingo (Libog), and Legazpi City in the Province of Albay
(Region V).
• Some P185 million in crops have been destroyed in Albay due to
Mayon volcano's eruptions, affecting at least 9,791 farmers and
around 7,131 hectares of land here
 Mount Bulusan 2006
• March – June 2006

• Affected Area: the province of Sorsogon in the Bicol region

• The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology

(PHIVOLCS) declared Alert Level 1 on March 19, 2006 after it
recorded increased seismic unrest.

• On June 8, 2006, volcanologists raised the Alert Level to 2

(moderate level of seismic unrest) after it spewed ash.
• On June 9, the resulting ash cloud damaged a number of
houses in the nearby town of Casiguran, 5 kilometers (3.1 mi)
north of the volcano, and reached Sorsogon City, about 20
kilometers (12 mi) north of Bulusan.
• On June 13, 2006, volcanologists said new craters were created
by the mild explosions of Mount Bulusan. Aside from the new
craters, two of the volcano's four craters appeared to have
merged and cracks were observed on the crater on the western
side of the summit.
• Another eruption took place on April 8, 2007
 Volcano Preparedness Checklist
– When buying a home or moving to a new area, assess your volcano
risk
– Build a disaster supply kit—this kit should also include a pair of goggles
and disposable breathing masks for each member of the family
– Make a family emergency plan
 During An Eruption
– Avoid lava
– Follow the evacuation order issued by authorities and evacuate
immediately from the volcano area to avoid flying debris, hot gases,
lateral blast and lava flow
– Be aware of mudflows; the danger from a mudflow increases near
stream channels and with prolonged heavy rains. Mudflows can move
faster than you can walk or run. Look upstream before crossing a
bridge and do not cross the bridge if a mudflow is approaching
– Avoid river valleys and low-lying areas
– Remember to help your neighbors who may require special assistance
— infants, elderly people and people with access and functional needs
Climate Change
 DEFINITION OF CLIMATE CHANGE

“ It is a change which is attributed directly or indirectly to human

activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and
which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over
comparative time periods”
HUMAN CAUSES (Anthropogenic or Man-made causes)
Greenhouse gases  Deforestation 
Coal mining  Burning of fossil fuels 
Agriculture Industrial processes
 EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
• RISE IN SEA LEVEL • ECOSYSTEMS ARE
• MELTING ICE SHEETS  CHANGING
• SEA LEVEL RISE • HURRICANES
• HEAVY RAINFALL • RISE IN TEMPERATURE
ACROSS THE GLOBE • CARBON DIOXIDE
• EXTREME DROUGHT ACIDIFIES SEAWATER
• DECLINE IN CROP
PRODUCTIVITY
 Today’s climate change is driven by human activities.

Scientists know that the warming climate is caused by human

activities because:

• They understand how heat-trapping gases like carbon dioxide

work in the atmosphere
• They know why those gases are increasing in the atmosphere
• They have ruled out other possible explanations
• Human activities have increased the abundance of heat-trapping
gases in the atmosphere. This increase is mostly due to burning
fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas. Carbon dioxide
has increased from a pre-industrial level of 280 parts per million
to more than 410 parts per million today.

• Most of the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has

occurred since the late 1950s. In Earth’s distant past, it would
take between 5,000 to 20,000 years to see the amount of
change in carbon dioxide levels that humans have caused in just
the last 60 years.
 Natural changes cannot explain today’s global
warming.
• It is true that Earth has cycled through many ice ages and warm
periods in the past.
Those past events have been driven by natural changes such as:
• Variations in Earth’s orbit around the Sun
• Solar activity cycles that produce regular shifts in the amount of
energy the Sun releases
• Volcanic eruptions that eject dust and gas into the atmosphere,
which shade the planet from the Sun’s rays
• Variations in the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere
• Scientists can measure these natural changes. The warm
periods that regularly occurred between the ice ages of the
past million years or so can be explained by natural changes,
but measurements of those changes today cannot explain
the current levels of warming that we are experiencing.
• The rapid warming we are experiencing today can only be
explained by increasing amounts of carbon dioxide and other
heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere.

• The link between carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and rising

global temperatures has been clear to scientists since the
1850s.

• Measurements show that there is more carbon dioxide in the

atmosphere today than at any other time in the past 1 million
years—that is, since the dawn of humankind.
 Actions
Everyone can help limit climate change. From the way we travel,
to the electricity we use and the food we eat, we can make a
difference. Start with these ten actions to help tackle the climate
crisis.
• Save energy at home
Much of our electricity and heat is powered by coal, oil and gas. Use less
energy by lowering your heating and cooling, switching to LED light bulbs
and energy-efficient electric appliances, washing your laundry with cold
water or hanging things to dry instead of using a dryer.
• Walk, cycle or take public transport
The world’s roads are clogged with vehicles, most of them burning diesel
or petrol. Walking or riding a bike instead of driving will reduce
greenhouse gas emissions – and help your health and fitness. For longer
distances, consider taking a train or bus. And carpool whenever possible.

• Eat more vegetables

Eating more vegetables, fruits, whole grains, legumes, nuts and seeds,
and less meat and dairy, can significantly lower your environmental
impact. Producing plant-based foods generally results in fewer
greenhouse gas emissions and requires less energy, land and water.
• Consider your travel
Aeroplanes burn large amounts of fossil fuels, producing significant
greenhouse gas emissions. That makes taking fewer flights one of the
fastest ways to reduce your environmental impact. When you can, meet
virtually, take a train or skip that long-distance trip altogether.

• Throw away less food

When you throw food away, you're also wasting the resources and
energy that were used to grow, produce, package and transport it. And
when food rots in a landfill, it produces methane, a powerful greenhouse
gas. So use what you buy and compost any leftovers.
• Reduce, reuse, repair & recycle
Electronics, clothes and other items we buy cause carbon emissions at
each point in production, from the extraction of raw materials to
manufacturing and transporting goods to market. To protect our climate,
buy fewer things, shop second-hand, repair what you can and recycle.

• Change your home's source of energy

Ask your utility company if your home energy comes from oil, coal or gas.
If possible, see if you can switch to renewable sources such as wind or
solar. Or install solar panels on your roof to generate energy for your
home.
• Switch to an electric vehicle
If you plan to buy a car, consider going electric, with more and cheaper
models coming on the market. Even if they still run on electricity
produced from fossil fuels, electric cars help reduce air pollution and
cause significantly fewer greenhouse gas emissions than petrol or
diesel-powered vehicles.
 Why is Climate Change a Problem?
This rapid rise is a problem because it's changing our
climate at a rate that is too fast for living things to adapt to.
Climate change involves not only rising temperatures, but
also extreme weather events, rising sea levels, shifting
wildlife populations and habitats,ecosystem collapse and
more frequent and severe weather and a range of other
impacts.