FALLACY

GROUP 4
JAZ MORAL
JAZZTINE NEVALGA
SAMANTHA SALAYON
DANNA ROSE VERGARA
APPEAL TO THE PEOPLE
(Argumentum Ad Populum)
 Assuming that the conclusion is proven because people in
general believe it to be true.
 Exploits people’s vanities, desire for justification for a
conclusion.
For example:
Most people in my age likes milk tea. Therefore, milk tea
is delicious.

In this example, there is no explanation why milk tea is

delicious. Yet, we still believe that it is delicious because
most people like it.
We assume that a claim is true because a lot of people believe
it, or that a claim is false because a lot of people do not
believe it. We don’t have any basis here, but we still think
that a claim is true because most people believe that idea.

Another example:
Tide is better than Surf because many Filipinos used it.

Here, we claim that Tide is better than Surf, but we don’t

have any explanations why Tide is better than Surf. Yet, we
still believe because many Filipinos used it. In other words,
the statement p is true because most people believe p.
HASTY GENERALIZATION
 Drawing a general or universal conclusion from insufficient
particular cases.
In hasty generalization, you only have few information
generalizing that to be the representative of the whole
class, objects or population.

For example:
Danna Rose is a quiet person. Danna Rose belongs to
section Cedi. Therefore, section Cedi is quiet.

Danna Rose is the only person that was mentioned in this

example, and since she belongs to section Cedi, we assume
that section Cedi is quiet. Hasty generalization is a broad
conclusion upon the statistics of a survey of a small group
that fails to sufficiently represent the whole population.
Another example:
Justin is irresponsible. Justin is a high school student.
Therefore, all high school students are irresponsible.

Here, we only have Justin as the representative of all high

school students. Justin is irresponsible, then we claim that
all high school students are irresponsible. We only have few
information, but we still came up with a conclusion.
Another example:
When I was young, my dad and brothers never helped me
with the household chores. All men are useless in the
house.

The person in this example states that her dad and brothers
never helped her with the household chores. And based on
that, she came up with a conclusion that all men are useless
in the house. Hasty generalization is a faulty conclusion that
usually happens when there is insufficient information or a
failure in reasoning.
BEGGING THE QUESTION
(Petitio Principii)
 Assuming the thing to be true that you are trying to prove.
It is circular.
 Stating or assuming as a premise the very thing that
should be proven in the conclusion.
For example:
Cigarettes are deadly. Therefore, smoking cigarettes can
kill you.

The premise in this argument that supposed to be the

supporting evidence of the conclusion, states already that
cigarettes are deadly. So we will arrive at the question,
“Why smoking cigarettes can kill you?” We don’t have any
evidences that will support our claim because the premise
already states that the conclusion is true.
You assume the truth of a claim that is yet to be proven, and
instead of providing evidence for that claim, you merely
rephrase it.
Another example:
iPhone is the best-selling phone in the world. Therefore,
iPhone is the best phone.
In this example, there is no evidence. The conclusion
remained unanswered, which begs the question: why iPhone
is the best phone? If the premise in an argument already
assume that the conclusion is true, then we are not making
an argument at all.
In begging the question, the argument we are trying to make
is not necessarily wrong. It’s just poorly constructed or
supported. The second half of the sentence (conclusion)
simply restates the first half of the sentence (premise).

X. Therefore, X.