SPECIAL CRIME

INVESTIGATION

XYRIN C. MONEZA
 SPECIAL CRIME INVESTIGATION

Is the investigation of cases that are unique

and often require special training to fully
understand their broad significance.
 Special Crime Investigation- deals with the study of
major crimes based on the application of special
investigative techniques.
 It concentrates more on physical evidence; its
collection, handling, identification and preservation.
Special Crime Investigation
the study concentrates more on physical
evidence; it’s collection, handling, identification and
preservation in coordination with the various
criminalists in the crime laboratory. Special crime
investigation involves close relationship between the
investigator in the field and the investigator in the
laboratory- the Criminalist.
 Crime becomes special when the pattern and methods of
its commission is heinous, whereby necessitating a
special kind of investigation.
• Examples of Crimes/ Cases that calls for
Special Crime Investigation
– homicide
– robbery
– rape and sexual offenses
– kidnapping
– carnapping
– bomb threats and explosions
– illegal recruitment
– terrorist activities
 HOMICIDE AND MURDER
INVESTIGATION
Homicide Investigation - It is the official inquiry
made by the police on the facts and circumstances
surrounding the death of the person which is
expected to be criminal or unlawful.
 Homicide

 Any person who, not falling within the provisions of Article 246
(Parricide) Revised Penal Code shall kill another without the attendance of
any of the circumstances enumerated in Article 248 (Murder) RPC, shall be
deemed guilty of homicide.
 
 The elements of homicide are:
 1. A killing exist
 2. The accused did the act without legal justification and with intent to kill
 3. The killing is neither murder, parricide nor infanticide.
 
 Note: Intent to kill is presumed if deaths results from the unjustified act. If
death did not result from the act, intent to kill is essential to prove
attempted or frustrated homicide otherwise the crime may be physical
injuries only.
 Murder
 Any person who, not falling within the provision of Article 246 (Parricide) of
the RPC shall kill another, if committed with any of the following attendant
circumstances:
  
 1. With treachery, taking advantage of superior strength, with the aid of armed men,
or employing means to weaken the defense or of means or persons to insure or
afford impurity.
 2. In consideration of a price, reward, or promise.
 3. By means of inundation, fire, poison, explosion, shipwreck, stranding of a vessel,
derailment or assault upon a street car or locomotive fall of an airship, by means of
motor vehicles or with the use of any other means involving great waste and ruin.
 4. An occasion of any of the calamities enumerated in the proceeding paragraph or
of an earthquake, eruption of a volcano, destructive cyclone, epidemic, or any other
public calamity.
 5. With evident premeditation.
 6. With cruelty, by (deliberately and inhumanly augmenting the suffering of the
victim, or outraging or scoffing at his person or corpse.
The elements of murder are:
1. A killing exists.
2. The accused killed the deceased under any of the above
circumstances qualifying the killing to murder.
3. The killing does not constitute parricide or infanticide.
 
Note: The circumstances that qualify the killing to
murder must be alleged in the information as otherwise
the killing may be considered as merely homicide.
 
 Parricide
 
 Any person who shall kill his father, mother, or
child, whether legitimate or illegitimate, or any of his
ascendants or descendants, or his spouse, shall be
guilty of parricide.
The elements of parricide are:
1. A person is killed by the accused.
2. The person killed is the father, mother or child
(not less than three days old), whether legitimate or
illegitimate, or the ascendant or descendant or the
spouse of the accused.
 Note: The relationship with the other ascendant or descendant
(grandfather or grandson) must be legitimate. The spouse
killed must be legitimate wife or husband. But the father,
mother or child may be legitimate or illegitimate. If the
child killed is less than three days old, the crime is infanticide.
 Responsibilities of a Homicide
Investigator

 1. Homicide investigator when called upon to investigate a violent

death, stand on the dead man’s shoes, to produce his instincts
against those suspects. Consequently, the zeal, enthusiasm and
intelligence the investigator brings in the case marks the difference
between a murderer being convicted or set free.

 2. If the investigator interprets an accidental death as due to natural

death and wisdom or the family may be deprived of benefits and
other properties which the deceased have sacrificed to obtain.

 3. If he interprets a criminal death as accidental or natural, a guilty

person is otherwise set scot free.

 Note: Remember that the police is the first line of defense in the
effective application of criminal justice.
 The Primary Job of the Investigator

1. To discover whether an offense has been

committed under the law.
2. To discover how it was committed.
3. Who committed it and by whom it was committed.
4. When it was committed.
5. And under certain circumstances why it was
committed.
 Mistakes in Homicide Investigation
 1. The mistakes of the homicide investigator can not be corrected.
 2. The homicide investigator should not cross the three bridges, which he burns behind him. It
is important that competent personnel adequately handle the case.

 The following are the three bridges:

  
 1. The dead person has been moved.
 > It is therefore necessary that photographs be taken, measurements
made, fingerprints taken and other necessary tasks to be first carried
out.
 2. The second bridge is burned when the body is embalmed.
 > Embalming destroys traces of alcohol and several kinds of poison. If
poisoning is suspected, the internal organs should be removed.
 3. The third bridge is burned when the body is burned or cremated.
 > The exhume body is difficult and expensive. The lapse of time make s
the examination doubtly difficult and a conclusion is hard to arrive at.
Cremation destroys body itself.
 The Medico-Legal Autopsy

1. The real beginning of any homicide investigation

should be to establish the cause of death accurately.
2. An autopsy should be performed at once when
there is the slightest reason to suspect the
probability of homicide.
3. In general, it maybe stated that death has been
caused by violence, an autopsy is always performed
unless there is adequate proof to the contrary.
 The value of the Investigator in attending
autopsies
During the conduct of autopsy, an investigator can
observe first hand and ask questions pertinent to the case
under investigation. The medico-legal officer can explain
the autopsy findings as they progress. As the results of
the autopsy are received by the investigator such
information, if pertinent and requiring expeditious
investigative attention, can be passed along to the other
investigators for immediate handling. When the
investigator has a suspected weapon, comparison of the
weapon with the wound can be made. The officer present
at the autopsy can be the liaison with the investigation
team working on the case and see that all evidence is
obtained during the examination.
 The Role of the Medico-Legal officer in
Homicide Investigation
The determination of criminal responsibility in
death has been developed into a specialized field of
medical science called forensic pathology.
A pathologist can assist in homicide investigation by:
1. Documentation of all wounds, bruises, scratches,
scars or other marks at the time of the autopsy.
2. Interpretation of findings based on medical facts.
Necropsy Report- It is a document stating the
cause of death of the victim. This is the medico-legal
report.
 The Facts of Death

1. The first action of an investigator upon arriving at the

crime scene of the homicide is the verification of death.
2. An individual is said to be dead in the medical sense
when one of the three vital function is no longer
performing within the body:
a. Respiratory system
b. Cardiac Activity
c. Central nervous system activity
3. In the legal sense, death is considered to occur when
all of the three above vital functions have ceased.
 Presumptive signs and Test of Death

1. The following are few of the signs indicative of

death:

a. Cessation of breathing and respiratory movement

b. Cessation of heart sounds
c. Loss of placing of nail beds when pressure is
applied in the fingernails is released.
 Suspended Animation

1. Cardiac activity, breathing and functioning of the

nervous system may reach such a low-level activity that a
homicide investigator maybe deceived into an
assumption of death.
2. The following conditions produced simulated
appearance of death:
a. Electric shock
b. Prolonged emersion
c. Poisoning from narcotic drugs
d. Barbiturate poisoning
e. Certain mental diseases
 The Importance of Establishing the
Identification of Homicide Victims
 The identification of the victim is an important investigative step for
the following reasons:

 1. It provides an important basis for the investigation processes

since it may lead the investigator directly to other important
information leading to the solution of the crime.
 2. The identity of the dead person provides the focal point/starting
point for the investigators can then center their attention on
associates and haunts of the deceased.
 3. The identity of the deceased may arouse suspicion in mysterious
death since the victim maybe a person whose life had been
threatened or whose death was desired for criminal purposes.
 4. The identification of the deceased can be traced or related to
wanted persons or missing one.
 Methods of Identification

 1. DNA Analysis
 2. Fingerprints - Fingerprint identification is the most positive and
quickest method of ascertaining identity. However the prints of the
deceased may not be on file or may not be obtainable because of trauma,
mutilation, incineration or decomposition. The sole clue maybe bone, a
skull or a few teeth.
 3. Skeletal Studies - Examination of the skeleton may provide a basis for
identification because of individual peculiarities such as old fractures and
presence of metal pins. Bones may also provide information about age, sex,
and race.
 4. Visual Inspection - Someone knowing the deceased person may
recognize the victim. However, trauma, incineration, or decomposition may
render the features unrecognizable. In addition, a visual inspection without
further verification has the advantage of possible subjective error or
deliberate false identification. Visual inspection combined with fingerprint
evidence is a favored method for rapid identification.
 Methods of Identification
 5. Personal Effects - Identification of a victim by personal effects such as
Jewelry, I.D. card, wallets, belts, shoes etc.
 6. Tattoo and Scars - Identification scars, moles, tattoos, pockmarks or
other markings may be helpful in identification, particularly in conjunction
with other findings.
 7. Dental Evidences (Forensic Odontology) - Identification based on
the examination of teeth (teeth charts, fillings, inlays crowns, bridgework,
dentures etc.) is valuable inasmuch as the teeth are probably the most
durable part of the human body. There are probably no two people alive
with dentures that are completely identical in all respects. Dental evidence
is legally recognized and accepted, if properly presented in court.
 8. Clothing - Articles of clothing containing cleaner’s mark, labels, initials,
size, color, texture knitting, etc. have provided investigators with the leads
and even identification in most instances.
 9. Photographs - Identification of victims has been made by publication
in bulletins, circulars, television and other distribution media, artist
sketches, death mark and casts have likewise aided the police in identifying
unknowns.
 Investigative Leads

The problem of who did it is a simple on when the

offender is caught in the act or apprehended in flight
from the scene the scene shortly after the crime.
When the perpetrator is not promptly arrested, the
direction of the investigation varies according to
whether the case falls into one of the two categories-
known identities or unknown identity. Whenever
investigators encounter cases of the later,
investigative leads now are necessary to attain the
objective of criminal investigation.
 Establishment of Motive to the killing

 This will furnish a good clue in the solution of the crime. The
investigator drawing from his ingenuity, experience and availability
of data, must base his investigation on a theory that rationally
explains the fatal act. Note maybe done on the following:
 
 1. Victims Background - very promising leads can be developed from
the review of the background of the victim that can provide the
background of the victim which can give the pursuit defined goals.
 2. Modus Operandi - choice of particular crime to commit and the
selection of a method of committing a criminal act that forms the
signature of the criminal give a clear lead on who might have
committed the crime.
 3. Informants - are a traditional starting point in seeking basic leads.
In fact informants sometimes offer data about an unreported or
undiscovered crime or one in its planning stage.
 Establishment of Motive to the killing

 4. Benefits - the question of who might benefit from the crime provides an
excellent focus for making inquiry. The “benefit factor” can provide
investigative leads.
 5. Opportunity
 6. Knowledge - simply determining who might have knowledge of the crime
to establish further information
 7. Approximate time of death
 8. Composite Sketches
 9. Photographs of Known criminals
 10. Voice Identification
 11. Polygraph testing
 12. Fingernail Scrapings
 13. Signs of Struggle
 14. Field Contact Report
 15. Motor Vehicle
 ROBBERY AND THEFT INVESTIGATION

 Robbery
  
 The law on robbery in the Philippines can be found on the following articles of the
Revised Penal Code:
 Article 293
  
 Who are guilty of robbery?
  
 Any person who, with intent to gain, shall take any personal property belonging to
another, by means of violence or intimidation of any person, or using force upon
anything shall be guilty of robbery.
  
 Elements of Robbery:
 1. Unlawful taking of personal property
 2. The property must belong to another
 3. The taking is done with violence against an intimidation of any person of force
upon things
 4. The taking is with intent to gain
 ROBBERY AND THEFT INVESTIGATION

Note the following:

 
Article 294 – Robbery with violence or intimidation of
persons
Article 295 – Robbery with physical injuries
committed in an uninhabited place and by
 band or the use of firearm on a street.
Article 297 – Attempted and frustrated robbery
committed under certain circumstances.
Article 298 – Execution of deeds by means of violence
or intimidation
 ROBBERY AND THEFT INVESTIGATION
 Article 299 – Robbery in an inhabited house or public building or edifice
devoted to worship – Any armed person who shall commit robbery in an
inhabited house or public building or edifice devoted to religious
worship – and if:
 a. The malefactors shall enter the house or building in which the robbery
was committed, by any of the following means:
 Through an opening not intended for entrance or egress
 By breaking any wall, roof or floor or breaking any door or window
 By using false key, padlocks or similar tools
 By using fictitious name or pretending the exercise of public authority or if –
 b. The robbery be committed under any of the following circumstances:
 By the breaking of doors, wardrobes, closets, or any other kind of locked or sealed
furniture or receptacle.
 By taking such furniture or objects away to be broken or forced open outside the
place of the robbery.
 Article 302 – Robbery in an uninhabited place or in a private building
 Article 303 – Robbery of cereals, fruits or firewood in uninhabited place
or private building.
 Anti-Piracy and Anti-Highway Robbery Law of 1974
(Presidential Decree 532)

Piracy – Any attack upon or seizure of any vessel,

or taking away of the whole or part thereof of its
cargo, equipment or the personal belonging of its
complement or passengers, irrespective of value
thereof, by means of violence against or intimidation
of person or foce upon things, committed by any
person, including a passenger or member of the
complements of said vessel in Philippine waters,
shall be considered as piracy. The offender shall be
considered as pirates.
Anti-Piracy and Anti-Highway Robbery Law of 1974
(Presidential Decree 532)

Highway Robbery/Brigandage – The seizure of

any person for ransom, extortion or other unlawful
purposes, or the taking away of the property of
another by means of violence against or intimidation
of persons or force upon things of other unlawful
means committed by any person or any Philippine
highway.
Anti-Piracy and Anti-Highway Robbery Law of 1974
(Presidential Decree 532)

Aiding Pirates or Highway Robbers/ Brigands or

Abetting Piracy or Highway Robbers/Brigands –
Any person who knowingly and in any manner aids or
protects pirates or highway robbers/brigands, such as
giving them information about the movement of police or
other peace officers of the government or acquire or
receives property taken by such pirates or brigands or
indirectly abets the commission of piracy or highway
robbery or brigandage, shall be considered as an
accomplice of the principal offender.
 Anti-Cattle Rustling Law of 1974
(Presidential Decree 533)

Cattle Rustling – Is the taking away by any means,

methods or scheme, without the consent of the
owner/raiser, of any of the above animals (cow,
carabao, horse, mule or other domesticated member
of the bovine family) whether or not for profit or
gain, or whether committed with or without violence
against or intimidation of any person or force upon
things. It includes the killing of large cattle, or taking
its meat or hide without the consent of owner/raiser.
 Anti-Fencing Law of 1979
(Presidential Decree 1612)

Fencing is the act of any person; who, with intent to

gain, for himself or for another shall buy, posses,
keep, acquire, conceal, sell or in any other deal on
any articles, items, objects or anything of value
which he knows to have been derived form the
proceeds of crime or robbery or theft.
 
Fence – include any person, firm, organization,
association, or corporation or partnership and other
organization who which commits the act of fencing.
 The Targets in Robberies

The selection of a victim and the place of the robbery

are two basic keys to developing a pattern which will
furnish clues to a robbers identity. Data usually are
correlated in the following areas:
1. Victim:
 alone
 in the company of two or three
 in the company of four or more persons
2. Residence:
 one family
 multi family
 motel – hotel (robbery of guest)
 garage ( or other residence – occupancy shed or structure)
 Style and Tactics in Robbery Cases

The identification in an armed robbery case often

relates to the tactics and style of the robbery.
Robbery has been categorized as having three styles:
1. The ambush – is the least planned of all and is
based on the element of surprise
2. The selective raid – involves a minimum of
planning but some casing of the robbery scene
3. The planned operation – is carefully structured
and the robbery group examines all aspects of the
situation, plans for all foreseeable contingencies.
 Crime Partnership in a Robbery Group

Crime partners in a robbery group form a loose

partnership, providing the skills for the various task
necessary to carry out different types of robberies. They
participate in the planning of robberies as well as the
basic decision as to whether or not a certain target can be
successfully robbed.
 Crime partners usually are associates from
spontaneous play groups in the underworld.
Investigators assigned a single robbery or series of
robberies to investigate should search for “link-up”
“connect-up” which will indicate the operations of a
group.
 Types of Robbers

1. Amateurs – motivated by greed, want, the desire

for a thrill, or need for self-testing.
2. Professionals – are described as those persons
who worked at robbery as a trade making it their
living and having no other means of income.
 Technique Commonly Employed by
Robbers – Means of Entry
 The means of entry differs in various burglaries and are related to
the skill of a robber. The various known means of entry are:

 1. The open door or window entry – the robber/s roams residence

areas, apartments, and hotels looking for open doors or windows.
 2. The jimmy entry – the robber/s forces a door or window with an
iron tool such as a tire iron, screwdriver, or small crowbar or box
opener.
 3. The celluloid entry – the burglar forces open a door spring lock
with a small piece of celluloid.
 4. The stopover or human fly entry – the burglar is an aerialist, the
stopover robber steps from a fire escape, balcony or other building
to a nearby window. The “human fly” robber can progress upward or
downward or the sides of a building to a selected point of entry.
 Technique Commonly Employed by
Robbers – Means of Entry
 5. Roof entry – the burglar breaks into a premises through a skylight
or air conditioning duct or the roof or by cutting a hole in the roof of
a building or residential home.
 6. The hide –in entry – the burglar hides in a commercial premises
until all employees have left and then breaks out with the stolen
property.
 7. The cut-in entry – the robber uses tools of various kinds to cut
through the floor, ceiling, or wall of a store or office to another store
or office.
 8. Hit and run – the robber breaks a window of a ground floor store
and takes property from a window or nearby portions of the
premises, and flees before police can be alerted to the crime.
 9. Key entry – the robber uses a key – the key may be given to him
by an informant (finger-man) it may be stolen or the burglar may
obtain a duplicate or master key by various means.\
 Methods of Safe Breaking
 1. Punching- In this manner of entry a sledge hammer and a drift punch are used to knock the
combination dial from the safe and to drive the spindle back into the safe. This makes the release
mechanism of the lock accessible and allows the safe to be opened.

 2. Pulling – A device similar to a gear or wheel puller is used to pull the dial or spindle
completely out of the safe door and thus allow the safe to be opened.

 3. Peeling – This means of entry involves the prying off the outer surfaces of the safe door so that
the locking mechanism of the safe is exposed and can be pried open, allowing entry to the safe.

 4. Drilling – One or more holes are drilled in the door of the safe to expose the lock mechanism
allowing the safe-breaker to align the lock tumblers manually and open the door of the safe.

 5. Ripping – This is a battering of the top, bottom or sides of a safe with a chisel or other metal
cutter, such as a ripping bar the hydraulic ramming device used in a body and fender shop.

 6. Burning – Use of oxygen/acetylene torch.

 7. Blasting – Use of explosives

 8. Carrying away.
 Physical Evidence to be Collected

 1. Footprints
 2. Fingerprints
 areas of break
 closets – prints may be found in door and jambs
 door knobs
 dressers
 pieces of furniture
 bottles and glasses
 walls
 tools
 desks
 3. Clothings – sometimes the robbers exchange their own jacket with
that one found
 4. If a window was broken is effecting entry, glass particles may be
present in the trouser cuffs and pockets of suspect. Samples of broken
glass should be collected for possible future comparison in the event
that a suspect is picked up.
 Physical Evidence to be Collected

 5. Paint- If a crowbar has been used to force the window, paint

may adhere to the tool. Paint samples should be taken for
future comparison.
 6. Tool marks
 7. Tools
 8. Some robbers are given to add behavior such as defecation
on the floor, stealing fountain pen, eating candy or drinking
excessively from bottles found on the premises. The
peculiarity of the behavior would be noted and check in
modus operandi index.
 9. Cords and ropes use.
 10.Firearms use.
 11. Get-away vehicle.
 12. Stolen articles/properties
Investigative Techniques in Robbery Cases

 1. The investigator must initiate similar preliminary steps

upon reaching the crime scene (discuss earlier or this note)
 2. Determine the point of entrance and point of exit by the
perpetrator.
 3. Determine the value of stolen articles
 4. The full and detailed description of the stolen articles.
 5. Gather physical evidence.
 6. Determine the modus operandi of the perpetrator as it
would give leads in the identification and arrest of the suspect.
 7. Full and detailed description of a get-away vehicle if any, or
vessel, boat in cases of piracy.
 8. Coordinate with other law enforcement agencies
Investigative Techniques in Robbery Cases

 9. Exploit investigative leads (discuss earlier on this note)

 10. Written testimony of the complainant witnesses.
 11. Accumulate clues and traces at the scene of a crime which will serve to
identify the offender.
 12. Develop informants in the local underworld who are aware of the
activity of robbery, particularly the activity of the semi-skilled and amateur
groups (usually the addict robber)
 13. Conduct a surveillance of likely fences and uncover and trace back
stolen property from its receiver to the robber.
 14. Conduct surveillance of known burglars to ascertain if they are presently
committing robbery
 15. Accumulate information on various types of robber, the known and
newcomers, whether they are in or out of prison, whether they are active
 16. Be alert on a modified modus operandi
 17. In cases homicide is committed; follow the pattern of homicide
investigation.
 KIDNAPPING

 Kidnapping - a word derived from kid, meaning child and

nap (nab) meaning snatch, recorded since 1673, was
originally used as a term for the practice of stealing children
for use as servants or laborers in the American Colonies .It
has come to mean any illegal capture or detention of a person
or people against their will, regardless of age. Since 1768 the
term abduction has also been used in this sense.
 
 Kidnapping for Ransom - Philippine jurisprudence
defines kidnapping for ransom as “the unlawful taking and
carrying away of a person by force or fraud or against his will,
or in any manner depriving him of his liberty for the purpose
of extorting ransom as payment for his/her release.”
 KIDNAPPING

 This is punishable under the Revised Penal Code of the

Philippines which provides that any individual who shall
kidnap or detain another, or in any manner deprive him of his
liberty, shall suffer the penalty of reclusion perpetua to death,
if:
 
 a. The kidnapping or detention shall have lasted more than
five (5) days;
 b. If it shall have been committed simulating public authority;
 c. If any serious physical injuries shall have been inflicted
upon the person kidnapped or detained, or if threats to kill
him shall have been made; and
 d. If the victim shall be minor, female or public officer.
 Modus Operandi in Kidnapping
 Kidnapping activity varies with the capability and resources of kidnappers
to do surveillance, safekeeping and negotiation with their target group. One
common thing all KFRGs, however is that they have a well planned strategy
of abduction process
 
 Kidnappers usually start their activity in surveying trough an informer or
sputter whose work is to locate targets for the group. To facilitate the
operation, a gang member is sometimes made to seek employment such as
driver or household help or have a business transaction to gain access and
control of the victim. KFRG conducts a thorough study of background of
their victims, such as capability to pay and daily movements’ activities.
Surveillance to establish routes is extensively carried out.
 
 Perpetrators of kidnapping have some peculiar operational style that
distinguishes one group from the other. Some groups are contented with
money given immediately by the victims' families/relatives while others are
capable of prolonged negotiations for a bigger ransom. Some groups are
crude in executing their plan while others do it with precision and finesse
 Modus Operandi in Kidnapping
 However, most cases of kidnapping particularly those undertaken by criminal
groups, revealed the following stages:
  
 1. Spotting. The first step in planning a kidnapping operation is to come up with a
shopping list of three to four possible targets that are capable of paying a huge
amount of ransom. Targets are usually businessmen of Chinese descent.
  
 2. Surveillance. Targets are then subjected to a thorough surveillance and
investigation. The investigation focused on the financial capability, home address
and place of work, phone numbers, complete description of the vehicle being used,
travel routes, identities of household helpers, drivers and employees, and personal
security of potential targets
  
 3. Risk analysis and target selection. After a thorough investigation, the group
selects one of the targets, which present a lower risk and difficulty in ransom
negotiation. In some cases, the group selects the one whom the group had gathered
the information first. In order to enhance precision in their operation, some group
send out members of the syndicate to apply as drivers, employees, and household
helps to gain further access on the target
 Modus Operandi in Kidnapping
 4. Seizing of victim. The time allotted for forcibly taking the victim is usually two
to three hours. The victim is usually forcibly taken on his/her way to place of work
or while going home after work. Most of the victims are successfully intercepted
while crossing road intersections or traveling along highly traveled streets.
  
 5. Negotiation. Ransom demand may range from PhP1 million to PhP100 million,
depending on the paying capacity of the victim and the operational capability of the
group. The weakest member of the victim's family is usually selected by the
syndicate to act as negotiator, warning the latter not to report the incident to the
concerned police authorities.
  
 6. Collection of ransom. After the ransom has been negotiated, the group will
design a pay-off procedure. The ransom is usually brought to a pre designated site.
In some pay-off situations however, the ransom courier is usually instructed to
bring along a cellular phone for ease of communication during the actual pay-off.
There were instances where couriers were given a round-the-bush before reaching
the final pay-off venue. Professional groups normally release the victims after the
pay-off had been secured.
  
  
 Modus Operandi in Kidnapping

Even with the “no ransom policy” of the government,

it was noted that the victims' family easily give in to
the demands of the kidnappers, with minimum
negotiations. Usually, kidnapping victims are
released in 3 to 6 days, after ransom money has been
paid
END