Mulungushi University

School of Science Engineering and Technology

CHE 221 – Introduction to Analytical Chemistry

Douglas Lubaba
dlubaba@mu.ac.zm
0976667924
 Overview of the Analytical process
Introduction
• Analytical chemistry ; a scientific discipline that develops and applies methods, instruments and strategies
to obtain information on the composition and nature of matter in space and time.
• is the branch of chemistry that deals with the analysis of different substances.
• deals with methods for determining the chemical composition of samples of matter
• provides the methods and tools needed for insight into our material world…for answering four basic
questions about a material sample?
• What?
• Where?
• How much?
• What arrangement, structure or form?
 Branches of Analytical Chemistry

Two sub-branches of analytical chemistry;

•  Qualitative Analysis; analysis is what.
• Method deals with the determination of the quality of a particular compound,
irrespective of its quantity or concentration.
• Information about the identity of atomic or molecular species or the
functional groups in the sample.
• Quantitative Analysis; analysis is how much.
• Method of determining the absolute or relative quantity regarding the
concentration of one or more substances present in a sample or compound.
• Numerical information as to the relative amount of one or more of these
components
Areas of Chemical Analysis and Questions They Answer
• Quantitation:
– How much of substance X is in the sample?
• Detection:
– Does the sample contain substance X?
• Identification:
– What is the identity of the substance in the sample?
• Separation:
– How can the species of interest be separated from the sample matrix for better
quantitation and identification?
Quantitative Analysis
• Classical; It depends on simple classical technique to determine the mass,
volume. and the corresponding techniques used in this type of analysis are;
 Volumetric (measurement in volume).
Gravimetric (measurement in mass).
• Instrumental; analysis depends on the physical properties of the sample
where there is no reaction involved.
• Electroanalytical (measures electrical potential, resistance, etc)
• Spectroscopic (interaction of light with matter)
• chromatographic
Steps in a Chemical Analysis
• Define the problem
• Select the Method
• Sampling (representative sample)
• Prepare sample for analysis (Chemical separation)
• Analyzing the Sample (conducting the analytical procedure and collecting) the required
data.
• Result Interpreting and reporting
An analysis involves
several
steps and operations
which
depend on:
•the particular problem
• your expertise
• the apparatus or
equipment available.
The analyst should be
involved in every step.
Different methods provide a range of precision,
sensitivity, selectivity, and speed capabilities.
Classification of Analyses;
The sample size dictates what measurement techniques can be used
Basic tools of analytical chemistry

• In analytical chemistry measurements are made

using appropriate instruments or equipment. The
array of these equipment is impressive ranging
from the simple and inexpensive to the complex
and costly. Each instrument has its own purpose
of use in the analysis, for example, there are
equipment to measure the mass, volume where
other are used for transferring solution during an
experiment .
 Equipment for measuring the mass:
An object mass is measured using a balance. The most
common type is the electronic balance which had
replaced the mechanical ones.

Mechanical balance
Electronic balance
Equipment for measuring the volume:

• Analytical chemists use a variety of glassware to

measure a liquid’s volume. The choice of what
type of glassware to use depends on how
accurately we need to know the liquid’s volume
and whether we are interested in containing or
delivering the liquid.
• A graduated cylinder is the simplest device for
delivering a known volume of a liquid reagent.
The graduated scale allows you to deliver any
volume up to the cylinder’s maximum.

cylinder
• Volumetric Pipette: is used to deliver a specified
volume of solution. Several styles of pipets are
available as shown below.

Micro pipettes

pipettes
Graduated cylinders and pipets deliver a known volume of
solution. A volumetric flask, conical flasks, on the other
hand, contains a specific volume of solution

Volumetric flask Conical flask

• Burette: used to deliver
Variables (in titrations) but known volumes
.
Of solution. It Is graduated long
narrow tube with stopcock for
Dispensing the solution.

burette
beaker

Washing bottle

funnel
• Another important area of analytical chemistry, which receives some
attention is the development of new methods for characterizing
physical and chemical properties.
• Determinations of chemical structure, equilibrium constants,
particle size, and surface structure are examples of a characterization
analysis.

19
• The purpose of a qualitative, quantitative, and characterization
analysis is to solve a problem associated with a sample.
• A fundamental analysis, on the other hand, is directed toward
improving the experimental methods used in the other areas of
analytical chemistry.
• characterization analysis An analysis in which we evaluate a
• sample’s chemical or physical properties.
• fundamental analysis An analysis whose purpose is to improve an
analytical method’s capabilities.

20
 Basic tools of Analytical Chemistry

• Analytical chemistry is inherently a quantitative science.

• Measurements usually consist of a unit and a number expressing the
quantity of that unit.
• These units are called SI units after the Système International
d’Unités. Other measurements are defined using these fundamental
SI units.
• SI units
• Stands for Système International d’Unités.
• These are the internationally agreed on units for measurements.
• Chemists frequently work with measurements that are very large or
very small.
• For simplicity, we express these measurements using scientific
notation;
21
22
Expression of Concentration and Content in analyses

EXAMPLE: Describe the preparation of

1.00 L of 0.100 M NaOH solution
(f.w. 40.00) from reagent grade solid
Expression of Concentration and Content in analyses

Examples
• How can one prepare 500 mL 1.0 M HCl
solution from concentrated HCl solution
(12M)?
Expression of Concentration and Content in analyses

Parts per Thousand (ppt)

Expression of Concentration and Content in analyses
Expression of Concentration and Content in analyses
Expression of Concentration and Content in analyses
Molarity and Formality
• Both molarity and formality express concentration as moles of solute per liter of solution;

• But, there is a minor difference between them.

• Molarity is the concentration of a particular chemical species.
• Formality, is a substance’s total concentration without regard to its specific chemical form.
• No difference between a compound’s molarity and formality if it dissolves without
dissociating into ions.
Expression of Concentration and Content in analyses

Normality
Normality defines concentration in terms of an equivalent, which is the amount of one
chemical species that reacts stoichiometrically with another chemical species.
Normality defines concentration in terms of an equivalent, which is the amount of one
chemical species that reacts stoichiometrically with another chemical species

• Normality is the number of equivalent weights (EW) per unit volume and,
• like formality, is independent of speciation. An equivalent weight is defined
as the
• ratio of a chemical species’ formula weight (FW) to the number of its
equivalents

• Consequently, the following simple relationship exists between normality

and molarity.
30
Expression of Concentration and Content in analyses
Molality
Defined as the number of moles of solute expressed as in kilogram dissoved per kilogram of
solvent.
Molarity has no units.
Expression of concentration is independent of temperature
How Do We Express Concentrations of
Solutions?
• Molarity (M)= moles/liter or mmoles/mL
• Normality(N) = equivalence/liter or meq/mL
• Formality(F)= is identical to molarity
• Molality(m) = moles/1000g solvent
Density Calculations
How do we convert to Molarity
• Density = mass solute /unit volume
• Specific Gravity = Dsolute/DH20
• DH2O = 1.00000 g/mL @ 4oC
• DH2O = 0.99821 g/mL @ 20oC
 Do it yourself
• A concentrated solution of ammonia is 28.0% w/w NH3 and has a
density of 0.899 g/mL. What is the molar concentration of NH3 in this
solution?