Presentation

on
chinese settlement

PRESENTED BY:
ADNAN IRSHAD
KIRTI PANDEY
B.ARCH III YR SFS.
SHANG DYANSTY 1600- 1046 BC
 Chinese  civilization originated in various regional centers along both
the Yellow River  and the Yangtze river valleys in the Neolithic  era.
  Shang Dynasty (c. 1700 – c. 1046 BC). oracle bones with
ancient Chinese writing from the Shang Dynasty have
been radiocarbon dated to as early as 1500 BC.
 First “historical” dynasty.
 Development of Writing
 Bronze age civilization.
 Emergence of “T’ien” concept—heaven—where God and
ancestors dwelled.
 The Shang Dynasty featured 31 kings, from Tang of
Shang to King Zhou of Shang.
 The Shang Dynasty moved its capital six times. The final move
to Yin in 1350 BC led to the dynasty's golden age.
 ZHOU DYNASTY 1066-256 BC
 The Chou rulers, who replaced the Shang Dynasty around 1100 B.C.,
served as the coordinators of a series of regional kingdoms rather than
as a central governing Authority.
 The Zhou appeared to have begun their rule under a semi-feudal
 system.
 The king of Zhou at this time invoked the concept of the Mandate of
Heaven.
 In the 8th century BC, power became decentralized during the Spring
and Autumn Period.
 In this period, local military leaders used by the Zhou began to assert
their power and bribe.
 The Hundred Schools of Thought of Chinese philosophy blossomed
during this period, and such as Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism  were
founded.
 CONFUCIUS

K’ung Fu-tzu (Confucius) 551 B. C. E.-479 B. C. E.

Public order comes from “jen” or humane behavior
between people.
Superiors should govern well
Inferiors should obey
Rule of reciprocity promoted both order and disorder—
presumably an evil ruler or an ineffective husband could be
disobeyed.
 LEGALISM

Founded by Hsun Tzu (298-238 B. C. E.)

People are evil and must be controlled through harsh laws.
Reward good deeds, punish bad deeds severely.
Utilitarianism—meant that government would encourage
agriculture over other pursuits
Rule of Law—law is supreme—and law is standard in
entire real (two ideas that persist in Chinese state)
 HAN DYNASTY (202 BC–AD 220)

 Its founder was liu bang proclaimed

Emperor in 202 bc.
 Embrace the philosophy of confucianism.
 The first opening of trading connections
Between china and the west,
Along the silk road.
 T’ANG DYNASTY (618-907)
 Followed Three Kingdoms Period (220-589) and Sui Dynasty (589-618)
 Chinese government recentralized under emperor and three key
ministers (but local landlords retained a great deal of power).
 Empress Wu (684-705) relied on Confucian bureaucrats and used
military to extend boundaries of China.
 Her own Buddhist beliefs added Buddhist tradition to China.
 Great cosmopolitan cultural flowering facilitated with contracts from
Asia and even Europe
 MING (1369-1644)
Chinese cultural superiority
Great porcelain ware.
 Communal buildings like ancestral halls and shops tended to be
concentrated on the integration
 Structure as well as certain strategically vantage locations of a
settlement.
 Chinese traditional settlement forms has predominantly focused on
interpretation and re-interpretation of confucian cultural ideas
 These settlements were configured with variability to social and
economic processes of settlement growth and evolution.
 Forbidden city
 The emperor was to be at the center , so the main axis of the city is
north-south. Chinese axis is a line of privilege, usually built upon,
regulating access - there are no vistas, but a series of gates and
pavilions.
Entering the city you passed through several halls and courtyards on
your way to this audience. It was meant to make you feel small.
 It must have a mountain at the back so they built an artificial one
called coal hill.
 It was surrounded by a moat which was the necessary water feature for
an auspicious location.
The Forbidden City was
designed to be both
beautiful and impressive.
Its golden yellow roof
tiles made it stand out
from all other buildings in
the area. Although it
covers huge areas, it
maintains harmony
because of how it was
designed.
 The hall of supreme harmony at the center of the city is where the
emperor held audiences. After entering the city you passed through
several halls and courtyards on your way to this audience.

 Bright colors, painting detailed scenes, roof tiles, roof guardians, and
many marble fence posts.

 Power is shown by space

not height.
 Emperor and the Empress lived in palaces on the central axis of the
Forbidden City, the Crown Prince at the eastern side.

 As for the commoners, be they bureaucrats, merchants or farmers,

their houses tended to follow a set pattern: the centre of the building
would be a shrine for the deities and the ancestors, which would also
be used during festivities.

 On its two sides were bedrooms for the elders; the two wings of the
building (known as "guardian dragons" by the Chinese) were for the
junior members of the family, as well as the living room, the dining
room, and the kitchen, although sometimes the living room could be
very close to the center.
 Sometimes the extended families became so large that one or even two
extra pairs of "wings" had to be built.

 This resulted in a U-shaped building, with a courtyard suitable for farm

work; merchants and bureaucrats, however, preferred to close off the
front with an imposing front gate.

 All buildings were legally regulated, and the law held that the number
of storeys, the length of the building and the colours used depended
on the owner's class.
 Each gate is narrow which contrasts
with the large squares surrounding
all gates. Together the depth and
width of the space creates a sense of
mystery and a regal attitude.
 CHINESE ARCHITECTURE

 The structural principles of Chinese architecture have remained largely

unchanged, the main changes being only the decorative details.
 Chinese architecture stresses the visual impact of the width of the
buildings.
 emphasis on articulation and symmetry
 A notable exception is in the design of gardens.
 Architecture and social symbols
 The dragon represents the Emperor
 while the phoenix represents
the Empress.

 Nine is a lucky number in China.

 Emperor had 9 roof guardians.
 Forbidden City in Beijing is said to
have 9,999.5 rooms
 The color of a roof reflects the
social status of the people living
inside.
 Yellow was reserved only for the
Imperial family.
 Princes can only use green
 ordinary people use grey roof
tiles.
 Temples have blue roof tiles
symbolizing the sky.
 The roofs are almost invariably
supported by brackets
("dougong"),
 Chinese buildings may be built with either
red or gray bricks, but wooden structures are
the most common.
 These dragons serve as downspouts to move
water away from the hall to protect it.
 They are the embodiment of imperial power
but also serve a practical purpose.
 All buildings must have water in front of
them and mountains at the back pointing to
the sun.
HALL OF SUPREME
THANK YOU