The movement of persons, goods, or vehicles,

either powered by combustion system or animal

drawn, from one place to another for the
purpose of travel.
 A movement of vehicles along a route where
passengers and cargoes are carried by
transportation.
 - refers to the skilful use of means to
accomplish a purpose.
 - it comprises all public surfaces , facilities
and agencies having responsibility for licensing,
approving, maintaining and controlling the flow
of traffic and the use of traffic facilities.
 - It is the activities undertaken by a
highway transportation agency to improve
roadway system safety, efficiency, and
effectiveness for both providers and consumers
of transportation services. ( Sigua, 2008 )
Examples :

Presence of a Traffic Light signals

Traffic Sign
Presence of a Traffic Enforcer
Loading and unloading signs
No Parking signs
Coding
TRAFFIC
LAWS
LEGAL BASIS
This are the laws which govern traffic and
regulate vehicles, while rules of the road are
both the laws and the informal rules that may
have developed over time to facilitate the orderly
and timely flow of traffic.
This Act shall be known as the
"Land Transportation and Traffic Code."
Any vehicle propelled by any power other than
muscular power using the public highways, but
excepting road rollers, trolley cars, street-sweepers,
sprinklers, lawn mowers, bulldozers, graders, fork-
lifts, amphibian trucks, and cranes if not used on
public highways, vehicles which run only on rails
or tracks, and tractors, trailers and traction engines
of all kinds used exclusively for agricultural
purposes.
Professional driver shall mean every and any
driver hired or paid for driving or operating a
motor vehicle, whether for private use or for
hire to the public.

Any person driving his own motor vehicle for

hire is a professional driver.
Highways shall mean every public thoroughfare,
public boulevard, driveway, avenue, park, alley
and callejon, but shall not include roadway upon
grounds owned by private persons, colleges,
universities, or other similar institutions.
"Parking or parked",
- a motor vehicle is "parked" or "parking" if it has been
brought to a stop on the shoulder or proper edge of a
highway, and remains inactive in that place or close thereto
for an appreciable period of time. A motor vehicle which
properly stops merely to discharge a passenger or to take in
a waiting passenger, or to load or unload a small quantity of
freight with reasonable dispatch shall not be considered as
"parked", if the motor vehicle again moves away without
delay.
“Anti-Carnapping Act of 1972”.
“New Anti-Carnapping Act of
2016”.
Carnapping is the taking, with intent to gain, of a
motor vehicle belonging to another without the
latter’s consent, or by means of violence against or
intimidation of persons, or by using force upon
things.

Show video
Any person who is found guilty of carnapping shall,
regardless of the value of the motor vehicle taken, be
punished by imprisonment for not less than twenty (20)
years and one (1) day but not more than thirty (30) years,
when the carnapping is committed without violence against
or intimidation of persons, or force upon things; and by
imprisonment for not less than thirty (30) years and one (1)
day but not more than forty (40) years, when the
carnapping is committed by means of violence against or
intimidation of persons, or force upon things; and the
penalty of life imprisonment shall be imposed when the
owner, driver, or occupant of the carnapped motor vehicle is
killed or raped in the commission of the carnapping.
 When the carnapping is committed by means of violence
against or intimidation of persons, or force upon things;
shall be imprison for
not less than thirty (30) years and one (1) day but not more
than forty (40) years,

When the owner, driver, or occupant of the carnapped

motor vehicle is killed or raped in the commission of the
carnapping the penalty of life imprisonment shall be
imposed.
Any person charged with carnapping or when
the crime of carnapping is committed by
criminal groups, gangs or syndicates or by
means of violence or intimidation of any person
or persons or forced upon things; or when the
owner, driver, passenger or occupant of the
carnapped vehicle is killed or raped in the
course of the carnapping shall be denied bail
when the evidence of guilt is strong.
Section 19. Reward.— Any person who voluntarily
gives information leading to the recovery of
carnapped vehicles and for the apprehension of the
persons charged with carnapping shall be given
monetary reward as the PNP may determine. The
PNP shall include in their annual budget the amount
necessary to carry out the purposes of this section.
Any information given by informers shall be
treated as confidential matter.
Total wreck - refers to the state or status of a motor
vehicle after a vehicular accident or other incident,
so that it is rendered in operational and beyond
economic repair due to the extent of damage in its
body, chassis and engine; and
is an operational support unit of the PNP
in charged of anti-carnapping, highway robbery and
hi-jacking incidents.
Formerly called Traffic Management Group.

Traffic Management in Metro Manila is managed

by the MMDA.
   
      1. Police traffic directions
      2. Police traffic law enforcement
      3. Police traffic accident investigation.
AN ACT CREATING THE METROPOLITAN
MANILA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY,
DEFINING ITS POWERS AND FUNCTIONS,
PROVIDING FUNDS THEREFOR AND FOR
OTHER PURPOSES.

The MMDA shall perform planning, monitoring and

coordinative functions, and in the process exercise regulatory
and supervisory authority over the delivery of metro-wide
services within Metro Manila.
“SEAT BELT USE ACT OF 1999”.
This Act shall be known as the "Anti-Drunk
and Drugged Driving Act of 2013″.

AN ACT PENALIZING PERSONS

DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF
ALCOHOL, DANGEROUS DRUGS, AND
SIMILAR SUBSTANCES, AND FOR
OTHER PURPOSES
A law enforcement officer who has probable
cause to believe that a person is driving under
the influence of alcohol, dangerous drugs and/or
other similar substances by apparent indications
and manifestations, including overspeeding,
weaving, sudden stops, swerving, poor
coordination or the evident smell of alcohol in a
person’s breath or signs of use of dangerous
drugs and other similar substances, shall
conduct field sobriety tests.
refers to standardized tests to initially
assess and determine intoxication,
such as the following; ( show video )

1. Horizontal gaze nystagmus ( eyeballs )

2. Walk-and-turn
3. One-leg stand.
If the driver fails in the sobriety tests, it shall
be the duty of the law enforcement officer to
implement the mandatory determination of
the driver’s blood alcohol concentration level
through the use of a breath analyzer or similar
measuring instrument.
Breath analyzer - refers to the equipment
which can determine the blood alcohol
concentration level of a person through
testing of his breath.
 If the law enforcement officer has probable cause
to believe that a person is driving under the
influence of dangerous drugs and/or other similar
substances, it shall be the duty of the law
enforcement officer to bring the driver to the
nearest police station to be subjected to a drug
screening test and, if necessary, a drug
confirmatory test as mandated under Republic Act
No. 9165.
 Law enforcement officers and deputized local
traffic enforcement officers shall be responsible in
implementing this function.
Which of the following is not
considered as motor vehicle?
A

A. Bulldozers
B. Tractors used exclusively for
agriculture
C. Cart
D. All of the above
AN ACT PENALIZING PERSONS
DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF
ALCOHOL, DANGEROUS DRUGS, AND
SIMILAR SUBSTANCES, AND FOR
OTHER PURPOSES
A

A. R.A 10883
B. R.A 10586
C. R.A 4136
D. R.A 8750
This Act shall be known as the “Anti-
Distracted Driving Act”.
A

A. R.A 10883
B. R.A 10586
C. R.A 10913
D. R.A 8750
It comprises all public surfaces , facilities
and agencies having responsibility for
licensing, approving, maintaining and
controlling the flow of traffic and the use of
traffic facilities.
A

A. Traffic Law
B. Traffic Management
C. Traffic
D. Highway
This refers to the equipment which can
determine the blood alcohol concentration
level of a person through testing of his
breath.
A

A. listerine Test
B. sobriety tests
C. breather Test
D. breath analyzer
Which of the following is not considered as
motor vehicle?
A

A. Bulldozers
B. Tractors used exclusively for agriculture
C. Cart
D. All of the above
AN ACT PENALIZING PERSONS
DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF
ALCOHOL, DANGEROUS DRUGS, AND
SIMILAR SUBSTANCES, AND FOR
OTHER PURPOSES
A

A. R.A 10883
B. R.A 10586
C. R.A 4136
D. R.A 8750
This Act shall be known as the “Anti-
Distracted Driving Act”.
A

A. R.A 10883
B. R.A 10586
C. R.A 10913
D. R.A 8750
It comprises all public surfaces , facilities
and agencies having responsibility for
licensing, approving, maintaining and
controlling the flow of traffic and the use of
traffic facilities.
A

A. Traffic Law
B. Traffic Management
C. Traffic
D. Highway
This refers to the equipment which can
determine the blood alcohol concentration
level of a person through testing of his
breath.
A

A. listerine Test
B. sobriety tests
C. breather Test
D. breath analyzer
LEGAL BASIS

TRAFFIC REGULATION AND

PROHIBITION IN THE COUNTRY
JULY 21, 2016

AN ACT DEFINING AND

PENALIZING DISTRACTED
DRIVING
Distracted Driving - refers to the performance
by a motorist of any of the following acts in a
motor vehicle in motion or temporarily stopped
at a red light, whether diplomatic, public or
private, which are hereby declared unlawful;
(a) Using a mobile communications device to write, send, or read
a text-based communication or to make or receive calls, and
other similar acts; and

(b) Using an electronic entertainment or computing device to

play games, watch movies, surf the internet, compose messages,
read e-books, perform calculations, and other similar acts.
Sec. 8. Penalties. – Any person who shall violate any
provision of this Act shall be penalized with:
1ST OFFENSE - A fine of five thousand pesos (P5,000.00) .

2ND OFFENSE - A fine of ten thousand pesos (P10,000.00).

3RD OFFENSE - A fine of fifteen thousand pesos (P15,000.00)

and
suspension of driver’s license for three (3) months.

4TH OFFENSE - A fine of twenty thousand pesos

(P20,000.00) and revocation of driver’s license.
JUNE 23, 1999

Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999.

A

No motor vehicle registration (MVR) shall be

issued unless such motor vehicle passes the
emission testing requirement promulgated in
accordance with this Act.

Created the = Anti-Smoke Belching Law

JUNE 27, 2000

AN ACT IMPOSING A MOTOR VEHICLE

USER’S CHARGE ON OWNERS OF ALL
TYPES OF MOTOR VEHICLES AND FOR
OTHER PURPOSES.

PROVIDES PENALTY FOR OVERLOADING

A law declaring unlawful the use or attachment of sirens,
bells, horns, Whistles or similar gadgets that emit
exceptionally loud or startling sounds, including dome
lights and other signalling
or flashing devices on motor vehicles .(January 13, 1973)
    Excemptions - Motor Vehicles designated for official use by the
      1. AFP
      2. NBI
      3. LTO
      4. PNP
      5. BFP
      6. Hospital Ambulances
Penalty:

1ST OFFENSE - Confiscation

2ND OFFENSE - Imprisonment - 6 months

and/or Fine

3RD OFFENSE - Cancellation or Revocation

or Certificate of Registration
Since the creation of the LTFRB, the issuance of
franchises for land transport operators has
become more stringent, resulting in higher safety
standards for land travel. Technical evaluation
staff ensure that operating and safety standards
of commercial and private vehicles are observed,
prior to the issuance of operating franchises.
The movement of vehicles along a route
where passengers and cargoes are carried by
transportation.
 - refers to the entire width between boundary
lines of every way or place of which any is open to
the use of the public for purposes of vehicular
traffic as a matter of right or custom.
1. Traffic Engineering -
2. Traffic Education
3. Traffic enforcement
4. Traffic Ecology
5. Traffic economy
 -the science of measuring traffic and travel.
The study of the basic laws relative to the traffic
law and generation.

- recommendation of traffic rules and

regulation
- planning traffic regulation
 - any act or process of imparting or
acquiring general knowledge on traffic.

TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION – primary

concern of traffic education in the area of
accident reduction and prevention.
 - deals mostly in the implementation of
traffic rules and regulations.
 - the study of potentially disastrous
population explosion, changes in urban
environment.

Ex. Air pollution, transport congestion

 - deals with the benefits and adverse effect
of traffic to our economy.

Traffic affects economic status of the commuting

public.

Waste time and money .

 - refers to the entire width between
boundary lines of every way or place of which
any is open to the use of the public for purposes
of vehicular traffic as a matter of right or
custom.
Refers to that part of traffic way over which
motor vehicles pass.

For purposes of construction, repair, and/or

maintenance, road are classified as:
National, Provincial, City, Municipal and
Barangay roads.
1. National roads – roads / street interconnecting provinces and/ or cities
2. Provincial roads- roads / street interconnecting municipalities and/ or
cities within a province.

3. City roads- roads / street interconnecting barangays with a city

4. Municipal roads - roads / street interconnecting barangays within a
municipality

5. Barangay roads - roads / street interconnecting within a barangay

which connect sitios or places within a barangay.
What is the road classification of San Juanico
Bridge?

a. National road
b. Provincial road
c. City road
d. Municipal road
Connecting Tacloban City on the Leyte side and
Santa Rita town on the Samar side.

Leyte to Samar
It refers to either side of the roadway, especially
along highways.

SIDEWALK
The paved walkway (pedestrian ) along the
side of a street
It refers to traffic units which goes about on foot
utilizing our public road system.

TRAFFIC UNITS
- refers to an element of traffic , either a
driver, pedestrian , passenger.
A place where two or more roads meet or join
and includes the areas where vehicles travelling
on different joining or intersecting roads may
collide.
It is commonly known as the T or Y crossroad
which link three roads.
The most common type which involve the
crossing of two roadways . It is either a regular
intersection when the two roads cross
perpendicular and it is called skewed intersection
when the two roads cross at different angles.
A condition on the traffic way characterized by
slow movement of roadway users due to
overcrowding of motor vehicles, pedestrian and
other road users.
These are devices mounted on a portable
support whereby messages are conveyed by
means of words and symbols officially installed
for the purpose of regulating, warning, or
guiding traffic.
1. DANGER WARNING SIGNS
2. REGULATORY SIGNS
3. INFORMATIVE SIGNS
This signs are also known as CAUTION SIGNS.
These signs have an equilateral triangular shape
with one side horizontal and having red
borders .
Falling Rocks
Narrow Road
These are signs which impose legal restriction
applicable at a particular location that is
intended to inform road user of certain laws and
regulations.
NO ENTRY
NO PARKING
This are also known as GUIDE SIGNS or
DIRECTION SIGNS . It is intended to guide
motorist along established routes or help
motorist along the way.
HOSPITAL
GASOLINE STATION
RESTAURANT
RESTAURANT – Mc Donalds
DIRECTIONAL SIGN
These are power operated traffic control devices
by which traffic is warned or directed to take
some specific actions.
1. STOP
2. CAUTION
3. GO
 STOP
RED

AMBER
CAUTION

GO
GREEN
These are areas within the roadway constructed
in a manner to established physical channels
through which vehicular traffic is guided.
These refer to all lines, pattern, words, colors or
other gadget except signs set into the surface or
applied upon or attached to the pavement for
the purpose of regulating, warning or guiding
traffic.
These are lines usually white and yellow or a
combination of yellow and white officially set on
road way as separation for motor vehicles
travelling in the opposite direction or the same
direction in case of two lane one-way street, two
way two-lane street or four lane two-way street.
A new concept in reducing the seriousness of
accident . Usually installed in front of a solid
obstacle or traffic island at an area of high
accident frequency. It guides the driver.
The law declaring unlawful the use or attachment
of sirens, bells, horns, Whistles or similar gadgets
that emit exceptionally loud or startling sounds,
including dome lights and other signalling
or flashing devices on motor vehicles.
A

A. R.A 8749
B. R.A 8794
C. R.A 10913
D. P.D 96
A condition on the traffic way characterized
by slow movement of roadway users due
to overcrowding of motor vehicles,
pedestrian and other road users.
A

A. Overloading
B. Traffic congestion
C. Traffic way
D. Traffic
Any act or process of imparting or
acquiring general knowledge on traffic.
A

A. Traffic Education
B. Traffic Enforcement
C. Traffic Ecology
D. Traffic Engineering
This signs are also known as CAUTION
SIGNS. These signs have an equilateral
triangular shape with one side horizontal
and having red borders .
A

A. Danger warning signs

B. Regulatory signs
C. Informative signs
D. Traffic signs
This are also known as GUIDE SIGNS
or DIRECTION SIGNS . It is intended to
guide motorist along established routes
or help motorist along the way.
A

A. Danger warning signs

B. Regulatory signs
C. Informative signs
D. Traffic signs
These are devices mounted on a portable
support whereby messages are conveyed by
means of words and symbols officially
installed for the purpose of regulating,
warning, or guiding traffic.
A

A. Danger warning signs

B. Regulatory signs
C. Informative signs
D. Traffic signs
These are signs which impose legal
restriction applicable at a particular
location that is intended to inform road
user of certain laws and regulations.
A

A. Danger warning signs

B. Regulatory signs
C. Informative signs
D. Traffic signs
The science of measuring traffic and
travel. The study of the basic laws
relative to the traffic law and generation.
A

A. Traffic Education
B. Traffic Enforcement
C. Traffic Ecology
D. Traffic Engineering
The study of potentially disastrous
population explosion, changes in urban
environment.
A

A. Traffic Education
B. Traffic Enforcement
C. Traffic Ecology
D. Traffic Engineering
It refers to that part of traffic way over
which motor vehicles pass.
A

A. Traffic units
B. Pedestrian
C. Traffic way
D. Roadway
It deals mostly in the implementation
of traffic rules and regulations.
A

A. Traffic Education
B. Traffic Enforcement
C. Traffic Ecology
D. Traffic Engineering
It refers to an element of traffic , either
a driver, pedestrian , passenger.
A

A. Traffic units
B. Pedestrian
C. Traffic
D. Motorist
It refers to traffic units which goes
about on foot utilizing our public road
system.
A

A. Traffic units
B. Pedestrian
C. Traffic
D. Motorist
The movement of vehicles along a
route where passengers and cargoes
are carried by transportation.
A

A. Traffic
B. Transportation
C. Traffic Management
D. Traffic Congestion
These are lines usually white and yellow or a combination
of yellow and white officially set on road way as
separation for motor vehicles travelling in the opposite
direction or the same direction in case of two lane one-way
street, two way two-lane street or four lane two-way street.
A

A. Barrel lines
B. Traffic lights
C. Traffic signs
D. Pavement Markings
The law declaring unlawful the use or attachment
of sirens, bells, horns, Whistles or similar gadgets
that emit exceptionally loud or startling sounds,
including dome lights and other signalling
or flashing devices on motor vehicles.
A

A. R.A 8749
B. R.A 8794
C. R.A 10913
D. P.D 96
A condition on the traffic way characterized
by slow movement of roadway users due
to overcrowding of motor vehicles,
pedestrian and other road users.
A

A. Overloading
B. Traffic congestion
C. Traffic way
D. Traffic
Any act or process of imparting or
acquiring general knowledge on traffic.
A

A. Traffic Education
B. Traffic Enforcement
C. Traffic Ecology
D. Traffic Engineering
This signs are also known as CAUTION
SIGNS. These signs have an equilateral
triangular shape with one side horizontal
and having red borders .
A

A. Danger warning signs

B. Regulatory signs
C. Informative signs
D. Traffic signs
This are also known as GUIDE SIGNS
or DIRECTION SIGNS . It is intended to
guide motorist along established routes
or help motorist along the way.
A

A. Danger warning signs

B. Regulatory signs
C. Informative signs
D. Traffic signs
These are devices mounted on a portable
support whereby messages are conveyed by
means of words and symbols officially
installed for the purpose of regulating,
warning, or guiding traffic.
A

A. Danger warning signs

B. Regulatory signs
C. Informative signs
D. Traffic signs
These are signs which impose legal
restriction applicable at a particular
location that is intended to inform road
user of certain laws and regulations.
A

A. Danger warning signs

B. Regulatory signs
C. Informative signs
D. Traffic signs
The science of measuring traffic and
travel. The study of the basic laws
relative to the traffic law and generation.
A

A. Traffic Education
B. Traffic Enforcement
C. Traffic Ecology
D. Traffic Engineering
The study of potentially disastrous
population explosion, changes in urban
environment.
A

A. Traffic Education
B. Traffic Enforcement
C. Traffic Ecology
D. Traffic Engineering
It refers to that part of traffic way over
which motor vehicles pass.
A

A. Traffic units
B. Pedestrian
C. Traffic way
D. Roadway
It deals mostly in the implementation
of traffic rules and regulations.
A

A. Traffic Education
B. Traffic Enforcement
C. Traffic Ecology
D. Traffic Engineering
It refers to an element of traffic , either
a driver, pedestrian , passenger.
A

A. Traffic units
B. Pedestrian
C. Traffic
D. Motorist
It refers to traffic units which goes
about on foot utilizing our public road
system.
A

A. Traffic units
B. Pedestrian
C. Traffic
D. Motorist
The movement of vehicles along a route
where passengers and cargoes are carried
by transportation.
A

A. Traffic
B. Transportation
C. Traffic Management
D. Traffic Congestion
These are lines usually white and yellow or a combination
of yellow and white officially set on road way as
separation for motor vehicles travelling in the opposite
direction or the same direction in case of two lane one-way
street, two way two-lane street or four lane two-way street.
A

A. Barrel lines
B. Traffic lights
C. Traffic signs
D. Pavement Markings
 ACCIDENT
INVESTIGATION
An accident is any happening beyond the control of
a person the consequences of which are not
foreseeable.
An event wherein 2 or more vehicles physically
make contact with other with sufficient force to
create damage.
The process of determining factors on how
accidents occur and how to mitigate and prevent
its effects through clinical and statistical
method.
1. Condition of the motor vehicles involved in the accident;
2. Condition of the drivers at the time of the accident;
3. Load of the vehicle;
4. Weather condition;
5. Characteristics of the road, which involves the design
     condition, and inhabitants of the place of accident
6. Presence or absence of traffic sign and its condition.
     All these factors must considered in order to fully uncover
     the reasons of the accident, and thereby provide a factual
     bases in coming-up with a traffic prevention program and
      traffic plans and programs.
indicates deficiency of action. If a person fails to
take the necessary precaution to avoid injury to a
person or damage to property, there is imprudence.

Imprudence usually involves lack of skill.

Chain of Events

is the making up of accident or the link which

explains the occurrence of the accident and its
components are present
in every accident.
1. Perception of hazard
2. Possible Perception
3. Encroachment
4. Evasive Action
5. Point of no escape
6. Initial Contact
7. Maximum Engagement
8. Disengagement
9. Final Rest of Stopping
1. Perception of Hazard

is the point of sensory warning at which the

operator sensed the approaching hazard. The driver
may not comprehend or recognized the hazard in all
of its implications at this point of perception, but
there was a warning. The normal routine is
perception, realization, or recognition, decision,
and action.
2. Possible Perception

is a link in the accident chain dealing with the

reaction of a normal person. Prompt perception
occurs when possible and actual perception are
very close. Maximum delayed perception occurs
when actual perception is delayed until impact
shock alerts the driver.
3. Encroachment

It is the movement of a vehicle into the path

assigned to the other traffic unit.
4. Evasive Action

is the first action taken by a traffic unit to escape

from a collision course or otherwise avoid the
hazard.
5. Point of no escape / return

is that location and that time after or beyond which

an accident cannot be prevented by the driver or
pedestrian.
6. Initial Contact

it is the first accidental touching of an object

collided with by a traffic unit in motion.
7. Maximum Engagement

is the greatest collapse or overlap in a collision.

8. Disengagement

is the separation of a traffic unit in motion from an

object with which it has collided
9. Final Rest of Stopping

it usually stabilizes the accident situation where

both vehicles in a collision has ceases its force, and
stopping may occur with or without control by the
driver or pedestrian.
 - occurs when a vehicle collides with another
vehicle, pedestrian, animal, road debris, or other
stationary obstruction, such as a tree or utility pole.
   
      1. The vehicle involved
      2. The highway
      3. The road user.
Causes of Traffic Accident

1. Direct Causes
2. Mediate and Early Causes
3. Early Causes
 1. Direct Causes
– the direct causes of an accident are
         observable by witness and participants, or may
be constructed from physical evidence found at
the scene. Since a direct cause relates to the
action of the human part of the traffic unit
         concerned it is a behavior cause. Usually only
four direct causes are considered in accident
investigation;
a. Initial Behavior - Any movement, position, or failure to signal intent to make a traffic
maneuver that created a dangerous situation and is either hazardous, illegal,
        improper, or unusual may be initial behavior of a nature justly term a direct
cause of an accident.
b. Speed – Too fast for conditions is the direct cause of many accidents.
      
c. Delayed Perception – is inattention to the major task of operating a motor vehicle, and
occurs when the driver is distracted by conversation with other occupants of
        the car, lighting a cigarette or cigar, looking at roadway or the scenery, or
glancing at occupants of nearby vehicles.

d. Faulty Evasive Action – Faulty evasive action always occurs after perception and is the
reaction of a driver or pedestrian to a hazardous situation on the highway.
     –These mediate and early causes of an accident are also
termed condition causes in formalized accident investigation
procedure. A mediate cause of an accident occurs between the
early and the direct causes in the time span leading to the
accident, but it has a closer relationship to the direct cause
than to the early causes.
- A mediate cause should not be listed unless it explains the
 direct cause of an accident. A mediate cause of an accident
 is an irregular or unusual condition of a vehicle, the road,
 the weather, or of a road user (driver or pedestrian) that
 explains on of the four direct causes of an accident: initial
  behavior, speed, delayed perception and faulty evasive action.
- An early cause of an accident results from the act of
any individual, or the failure to act by any person,
which creates conditions leading to the chain of
events making up an accident.

Early cause of an accident - is an act or negligence on

the part of an individual or an organization which
causes or permits a mediate cause to exist.
Refers to any event that results in unintended injury
or property damage attributed directly or indirectly
to the action of a motor vehicle or its load
Collision between traffic units in any place other
than a traffic way
- is the act of causing (or contributing to) a traffic
accident (such as colliding with a person or a
fixture), and failing to stop and identify oneself
afterwards. It is considered a crime in
most jurisdictions.
 1. After living the scene, he dreads or frighten of being
caught.
 2. He may have left the accident scene because he was
shocked, injured, or intoxicated.
 3. He may have been too confused to know what he was
doing.
 4. He may have a long record of violations or accidents and
      therefore a terrible fear of  getting further involve with
      the law.
 5. More often, he fears financial loss specially if he does not
      have liability insurance.
 6. Hit-and run drivers do not have a establish method of
     operation unlike criminals.
1. In cases vehicle was used in killing
2. In cases you left the victim
3. In cases you brought the victim to the Hospital
4. In cases of accident hit
A court function in traffic law enforcement, this
step determines the guilt or innocence of the
accused.
An enforcement action which does not contemplate
possible assessment of penalty, it is a persuasive
action which maybe either verbal, visual or written
Wholly a police responsibility, wherein the arrest of
the traffic violator is required to prevent continued
and future violations.
A term used to denote any vehicle used for
commercial purposes without any valid franchise
A means of having the violators appear in court
without physical arrest
Refers to any motor vehicle accident that results in
death to one or more persons
A motor vehicle accident that results in injuries to
persons which is not mortal
A series of 2 or more traffic accidents occurring one
after the other in the same location
The right to proceed ahead of another vehicle or
pedestrian
Refers to the person who is either dead or injured as
a result of an accident
Refers to a casualty that has died as a result of an
accident
The part of a vehicle provided with a key and
designed to turn on the electrical system and
engage the starter to the engine
 The main mechanism used to stop a motor vehicle
customarily activated by a brake pedal.
It refers to the primary speed control o f a motor
vehicle, which controls the inflow of fuel, which
controls the inflow of fuel to the engine decreasing
or increasing its revolution per minute
 Negative acceleration or rate of slowing down of a
vehicle
It provides electrical power to the ignition, as well
as recharge the battery while the engine is running.
Component of a motor vehicle designed to inform
the driver how fast he is travelling
Prescribed minimum and maximum legal velocity
by which a motor vehicle may be operated for safe
travel
Intense and disagreeable brightness that causes
discomfort and reduces visibility
Front light designed to illuminate 300 to 500 feet in
the forward direction of travel of a vehicle
Electrical component of a rear of a vehicle intended
to make it more visible to others following it
specially at night
A high intensity usually amber in color headlamps
intended for greater penetrating power during
heavy rains and fogs
A place where 2 or more roads meet or join and
includes the areas where vehicles travelling on
different joining or intersecting roads may collide.
The general area where 2 or more highway join
which include the roadway and roadsides facilities
for traffic movement of the area
A flashing or rotating red light intended to inform
other road users that the vehicle using it is in an
emergency and should be given priority
The unauthorized or authorized use of the opposite
lane of a separated street or road to move against
the path of the proper flow of traffic
The number of vehicles passing a point during a
specific time.
An impact between two traffic units approaching on
separate roadways or other paths that intersect.
The striking of any body against another
The right to proceed ahead of another vehicle or
pedestrian
Includes pedestrians, pedal cyclists, drivers,
passengers and others
Commonly called barangay roads, it has a right of
way of not less than 2 meters
Refers to a road in a village, town or city usually
hard surfaced and provided with lighting and
drainage and having buildings and structures on
one or both sides
Covers the main road as conduit system with a right
of way from 20 meters to 120 meters
Refers to a highway planned to bypass the main
district of a city, town or municipality or another
road system
A highway with no toll stations and maybe
traversed by a motorist continuously without
encountering conflict with cross traffic
A trough traffic of free-flow of vehicular
movement limited entrance and exit.
End of PART 1
A trough traffic of free-flow of vehicular
movement limited entrance and exit.