CHAPTER 3

PSYCHOLOGY OF
HUMAN GROWTH
AND
DEVELOPMENT
 OUTLINE;
Definition of Growth and Development
Principles of Human Growth and Development
Principles of Heredity
Framework of Human Development
Human Developmental Stages
Theories of Psychological Stages
What is human development?

Human Development
 is the pattern of movement or change that
begins at conception and continuous through
the life span.
Includes growth and decline
Can be positive or negative
The difference between Growth and Development
Growth – is the progressive increase in the size of a
child or parts of a child.
Development – is a progressive acquisition of
various skills (abilities) such as head support,
speaking, learning, expressing of feelings and
relating with other people.
Principles of Human Growth and development
 Growth and Development is Continuous:
- The process of growth and development
continuous from the conception till the individual
reaches maturity. Development of both physical
and mental traits continuous gradually until these
traits reach their maximum growth. it goes on
continuously throughout life.
Growth and Development is Gradual :
- it does not come all on a sudden. It is also
cumulative in nature
 Development is Sequential:
- most psychologists agree that development is
sequential or orderly. Every species, whether animal or
human, follows a pattern of development peculiar to it.
This pattern in general is the same for all individuals.
 Rate of development Varies Person to Person

- rate of development is not uniform.

Individuals differ in the rate of growth and
development. Boys and girls have different
development rates. Each parts of the body has its
own particular rate of growth. There are periods
of great intensity and equilibrium and there are
period of imbalance.
Development Proceeds from General to
specific:
- development proceeds from general to specific. In
all areas of development, general activity always
proceed to specific activity.
Growth and development is a product of both
heredity and environment:
- development is influenced by both heredity and
environment. Both are responsible for human growth
and development.
Development is predictable:
- the difference in physiological and psychological
potentialities can be predicated by observation and
psychological test.
Development
- development brings about both structural and
functional changes.
There are individuals rates of growth and
development:
- each children is different and the rate at which
individual children grow are different.
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 THEORIES OF THE PSYCHOLOGICAL STAGE

Erik Erikson was an ego psychologist who

developed one of the most popular and
influential theories od development while
his theory was impacted by psychoanalyst
Sigmund Freud’s work, Erikson’s theory
centered on psychosocial development
rather than psychosexual development.
STAGE 1: TRUST VS. MISTRUST
- The first stage of Erikson’s theory of
psychological development occurs between birth
and 1 year of age and is the most fundamental
stage in life. If the care of infant receives is
consistent, predictable and reliable. They will
develop a sense of trust which will carry with
them to other relationships, and they be able to
feel secure even when threatened.
STAGE 2: AUTONOMY VS. SHAME AND
DOUBT
- This stage occurs between the ages 18
months to around age 2or 3 years. According
to Erikson children at this stage are focused
on developing a greater sense of self-control.
STAGE 3: INITIATIVE VS. GUILT
- During the initiative versus guilt stage,
children assert themselves more frequently
through directing play and other social
interaction. If given this opportunity,
children develop a sense of initiative and feel
secure in their ability to lead others and
make decisions.
STAGE 4: INDUSTRY VS. INFERIORITY
- The fourth of Erikson stage occurring
from the ages 6 to 11 years. During which
the child learn to be productive and to accept
evaluation of his or her efforts or becomes
discouraged and feels inferiors or
incompetent. Children need to find balance
between insecure and caught in one craft.
STAGE 5: IDENTITY VS. CONFUSION
- This stage occurs during adolescence
between the age of approximately 12 to
18. During this age, adolescents explore
their independence and develop a sense
of self.
STAGE 6: INTIMACY VS. ISOLATION
- Which happens after the fifth stage of identity
vs. role confusion. This stage takes place during
young adulthood between the age of approximately
19 to 40 which is precisely when must individuals
might be looking for a lifelong romantic partner.
Success means to have healthy, fulfilling
relationships, failure means experiencing
loneliness or isolation.
STAGE 7: GENERATIVITY VS. STAGNATION
- This stage take place during middle adulthood
between the age of approximately 40 and 65.
Psychologically, generativity refers to making your
mark on the world through creating or nurturing
thing that will outlast an individuals. During middle
age individuals experience a need to create or
nurture thing that will outlast them, often having
mentees or creating positive changes that will benefit
other people.
STAGE 8: INTEGRITY VS. DESPAIR
- The final stage begins at approximately
age 65 and end at death. It is during this
time that we contemplate our
accomplishments and can develop integrity if
we see ourselves as leading a successful life.
 
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