Computer Organization

Lecture – 7

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 Instruction codes
 Stored program organization
 Direct and Indirect Address
 Computer Registers

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 Instructions Codes
 Prgoram: A program is a set of instructions
that specify the operations, operands and
sequence by which processing has to occur.

 Computer Instruction: It is a binary code

or instruction code that specifies a sequence
of microoperations for the computer.

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 Instructions Codes
 Instruction Code: It is a group of bits that
instruct the computer to perform
 Instruction code = opcode + memory
address.
 It is not the micro-operation.
 In terms of programming, it is closest to a
single assembly language instruction.

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 Instructions Codes
 Opcode: It is a group of bits that define
operation such as ADD , SUB, MUL, Shift
and Compliment.
 Memory Address: It is the address of
operand, on which operation has to be
performed.
Example: ADD B
MOV X
Where B and X are operands, their address will be given in
instruction.
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 Stored Program Organization
 The simplest way to organize computer is to
have:
(i) One processor register
(ii) Instruction code format

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Instructions Codes

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 Stored Program Organization
 Instructions are stored in one section of memory
and data is stored in another section of memory.
 For a memory of 4096 words we need 12 bits to
specify an address, since 212 = 4096
 If we store each instruction code in one 16-bit
memory word, we have available four bits for
the opcode to specify the one out of 16-possible
operations, and 12-bits to specify the address of
the operand

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 Stored Program Organization
 The control unit reads 16-bit instruction
from the program portion of memory.
 It uses 12-bit address part of instruction
to read 16-bit operand from the data
portion of memory.
 It then executes the operation specified by
the operation code.

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 Stored Program Organization
 Accumulator (AC): Computer have single
process register usually assigned the name
Accumulator (AC).
 The operation is performed with the memory
operand and the contents of AC.
 Some times the operation do not require operand
from memory, for example, Clear AC,
Compliment AC, Increment AC, then second part
is used to specify other operations on computer.

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 Indirect Address

The second part of instruction can have 3 formats:

Instruction
Op-Code Operand
Op-Code Address of operand
Op-Code Address of memory word
where address of operand
can be found
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 Indirect Address

Different modes of operands

Operand immediate
operand
the address of an operand direct address
the address of a memory word where the Indirect address
address of the operand can be found

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Indirect Address

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 Indirect Address
 The indirect address instruction needs two
references to memory to fetch an operand
 Effective address – the address from
where operand can directly be obtained
 One bit of instruction code is used to
distinguish between direct and an indirect
address

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 Computer Registers
 Usually computer needs number of
registers for manipulating data and
holding memory addresses.

 Basic computer needs the configuration of

registers as shown in Figure 5-3

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Computer Registers

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Computer Registers

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