It 101

A B C D E F G H I J K
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Introduction to
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Computers
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12 September 27,
13 2021
14 Mary Ann D. Martinez
Instructress
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What is Computer?
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The term computer is derived from the
7 word compute. A computer is an electronic
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device that takes data and instructions as an
10 input from the user, processes data, and
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provides useful information known as
13 output.
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What is Computer?
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Evolution of Computer
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Computations are done by
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sliding beads on a wire
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arranged on a tray. The term
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abacus came from the
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Greek word abax, meaning
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flat surface.
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14 Abacus- 2000 B.C
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7 -John Napier, a Scottish mathematician,
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became famous for his invention of
logarithms. The use of “logs”
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reduced a problem of subtraction.
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- He invented a computing device using
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a set of sticks called bones which
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can perform both multiplication and
13 division.
14 Logs and Bones- 1617
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- Blaise Pascal, a French
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mathematician, invented the
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arithmetic engine the first
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successful mechanical
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calculator, which can and
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subtract numbers up to eight
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digits.
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Arithmetic Engine- 1642
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- Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibnitz
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invented a calculator which can
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multiply and divide directly, as
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well as extract square roots.
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14 Stepped Reckoner- 1670
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- Joseph Marie Jacquard was the first to
6 successfully use punch cards both for
7 storing information and for controlling
the machine.
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- The Jacquard Loom utilized a wooden card
9 with holes punched into it that were
10 "read" by the loom and it would then
weave the pattern.
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- The Jacquard Loom utilized a wooden card
12 with holes punched into it that were
13 "read" by the loom and it would then
14 Jacquard’s Loom - 1800 weave the pattern.
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- It is a calculator which can compile
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accurate navigational and artillery
6 tables. Invented by Charles Babbage.
7 - A difference engine is an automatic
mechanical calculator designed to
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tabulate polynomial functions. ... The
9 name, the difference engine, is derived
10 from the method of divided differences,
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a way to interpolate or tabulate functions
by using a small set of polynomial co-
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efficients.
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14 Difference Engine- 1822
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5 - Analytical Engine, generally considered
6 the first computer, designed and partly
7 built by the English inventor Charles
Babbage in the 19th century (he worked on
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it until his death in 1871). ... The Analytical
9 Engine was to be a general-purpose, fully
10 program-controlled, automatic mechanical
digital computer.
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12 - The machine that has two basic components:
13 memory and mill.
14 Analytical Engine - 1835
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8 - First female computer programmer.
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14 Lady Augusta Ada King
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- Became the perfect tool for
8 designing the logic
9 circuits of computers
developed by George
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Boole.
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14 Boolean Algebra- 1827
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- Automatic punched card
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tabulating machine and
6 invented by Dr. Herman
7 Hollerith.
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electromechanical
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machine using perforated
10 cards for use in the first
11 computerized U.S census
in 1890.
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- -was the first commercially
13 successful data
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Punched card tabulating processing machine.
15 machine - 1884
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- The first communications occurred on 16 August
5 1858, but the line speed was poor and efforts to
6 improve it caused the cable to fail after three weeks.
The Atlantic Telegraph Company led by Cyrus West
7 Field constructed the first transatlantic telegraph
8 cable. The project began in 1854 and was
completed in 1858.
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10 - The Atlantic cable of 1858 was established to carry
instantaneous communications across the ocean for
11 the first time. Here, the cable on the left is
12 representative of a style that remained in use for
almost 100 years. The cable on the right, a coaxial
13 cable, was part of the first transatlantic telephone
14 Atlantic cable1858-1866 cable laid in 1956. Smithsonian Photo by Alfred
Harrell.
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- The invention of the modern computer keyboard
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began with the invention of the typewriter
7 Christopher Latham Sholes patented the
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typewriter that we commonly use today in 1868.
The Remington Company mass marketed the
9 first typewriters starting in 1877
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14 Typewriter- 1868
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- Christopher Latham Sholes[was an
8 American inventor who invented the
9 first practical typewriter and the
10 QWERTY keyboard still in use today
11 He was also a newspaper publisher
12 and Wisconsin politician
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14 QWERTY keyboard - 1873
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- created a keyboard whose keys were
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arranged solely with efficiency in mind. The
6 Dvorak keyboard placed all the vowels of the
7 alphabet and the five most common consonants
on the central row so they could be easily
8 accessed, while also evenly dividing the work
9 between the left and right hands. What's more,
the most frequent letters of the alphabet were
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placed at the centre of the keyboard.
11 - Dvorak is a keyboard layout for English
12 patented in 1936 by August Dvorak and his
brother-in-law, William Dealey, as a faster
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and more ergonomic alternative to the
14 August Dvorak - 1936 QWERTY layout.
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- A cathode-ray tube is a vacuum tube
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containing one or more electron guns, the
6 beams of which are manipulated to display
7 images on a phosphorescent screen. The
images may represent electrical waveforms,
8 pictures, radar targets, or other phenomena.
9 A CRT on a television set is commonly called
a picture tube.
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11 - Vladimir Zworykin, a Russian immigrant,
12 invented the Cathode Ray Tube
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14 CRT- 1928
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- The very early binary computer invented by
6 Konrad Zuse.
7 - It was a binary electrically driven
mechanical calculator with limited
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programmability, reading instructions
9 from punched tape.
10 - The Z1 was the first freely programmable
computer in the world which used
11 Boolean logic and binary floating point
12 numbers.
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14 Z1 computer – 1931
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6 - Atanasoff–Berry computer
7 - The machine which was powered by
electricity and used vacuum tubes.
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- The first automatic digital computer
9 developed by John Vincent Atanasoff
10 and with the help of Clifford Berry,
John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert.
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14 ABC- Computer (1939)
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5 - A huge version of the ABC created by
Allan Turing. - Designed to decode
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German messages. It was also
7 powered by electricity and used
8 vacuum tubes for its computing
9 circuitry.
- Colossus was a set of computers
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developed by British codebreakers in
11 the years 1943–1945 to help in the
12 cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher.
Colossus used thermionic valves to
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perform Boolean and counting
14 Colossus- 1943 operations.
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5 - Automatic Sequence Controlled
Calculator constructed by Howard
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Aiken in collaboration with the IBM
7 engineers.
8 - It could perform the four basic
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arithmetic operations, locate stored
information and process numbers up to
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23 digits long.
11 - Multiply three eight digit numbers in
12 one second.
- The first automatic general purpose
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digital computer
14 Mark 1- 1944
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Moth
5 - "First actual case of bug being found,“
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according to the brainiacs at Harvard,
1945. The engineers who found
7 the moth were the first to literally "debug"
8 a machine. On September 9, 1947, a
team of computer scientists and
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engineers reported the world's first
10 computer bug. A bug is a flaw or glitch in
11 a system.
- Dr. Grace Murray Hopper, a rear admiral in
12 the United States Navy known for his
13 discovery of the first computer bug. A
moth on the wires of the computer
14 1st Computer Bug - 1945 causing it to malfunction.
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- The speed of calculation is a thousand
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times faster than the best mechanical
6 calculator. It has 20 accumulators; one
7 could perform 5,000 additions of ten-
digit numbers in one second.
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Limitation is it could only store 20 ten-
9 digit numbers in memory at any given
10 time.
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- ENIAC was the first programmable,
electronic, general-purpose digital
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computer made in 1945. It was Turing-
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Electronic Numerical Integrator complete and able to solve "a large
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and Calculator (ENIAC) -1946 class of numerical problems" through
reprogramming.
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- EDVAC was one of the earliest electronic
5 computers. Unlike its predecessor the
ENIAC, it was binary rather than decimal,
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and was designed to be a stored-program
7 computer. ENIAC inventors, John Mauchly
and J. Presper Eckert, proposed the
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EDVAC's construction in August 1944.
9 - It was designed by John von Neumann with
the help of Mauchly and Eckert.
10 - Considered the first stored program
11 computer. One major points of this von
Neuman architecture was the use of a
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central and coordinates all computers
13 function.
14 Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic
Computer (EDVAC)- 1946
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- The first commercial computer
6 designed by John Mauchly and
7 Presper Eckert. - It can store programs
8 in a memory device that makes it
capable of changing and modifying the
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program easily.
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14 Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC)-
1951
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- The first successful high-level
6 programming language produced by John
7 Backus and his IBM Team. - Used to
8 create scientific programs on
microcomputers and mainframes. - The
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first successful FORTRAN program was
10 ran by Harlan Herrick
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13 Formula Translator (FORTRAN)
14 1954
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- The first hard drive for mainframe called
6 RAMAC 305, has a total capacity of 5 Mb
7 containing 50 pieces of 24-in. diameter
platters.
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14 Hard Drive for mainframe
15 computer (1956)
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5 - On Sept. 12, 1958, Jack Kilby, a TI
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engineer, invented the integrated
circuit. It would revolutionize the
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electronics industry, helping make cell
8 phones and computers widespread
9 today. To honor him, Texas Instruments
held its first Jack Kilby Day on Friday,
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Sept.
11 - - build by Jack Kilby on a piece of
12 germanium half an inch long and
First ICBuilt (1958) thinner than a toothpick containing 5
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components.
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- Seymour Cray built the first fully
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transistorized supercomputers for
8 Control Data Corporation.
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14 Cray Computer (1958)
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5 - The PDP-1 is the first computer in Digital
Equipment Corporation's PDP series and
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was first produced in 1959. It is famous
7 for being the computer most important in
8 the creation of hacker culture at
Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
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BBN and elsewhere.
10 - The first minicomputer equipped with
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keyboard and monitor and developed by
Benjamin Curley.
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Programmed Data Processor- 1
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(PDP- 1) 1959
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- Invented by Douglas Engelbart. 1963
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also demonstrated his system keyboard,
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Mouse- 1962
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BASIC is a family of general-purpose, high-
6 level programming languages whose design
7 philosophy emphasizes ease of use. The
original version was designed by John G.
8 Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz and released
9 at Dartmouth College in 1964.
- Beginners All Purpose Symbolic
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Instruction Code programming language.
11 - IBM coined the term “Word Processing”.
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Basic- 1964
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ASCII, abbreviation of American
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Standard Code For Information
7 Interchange, a standard data-
8 transmission code that is used by
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smaller and less-powerful computers to
represent both textual data (letters,
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numbers, and punctuation marks) and
11 noninput-device commands (control
12 characters).
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ASCII
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6 - Developed by Seymour Cray- the first
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architecture to use functional
parallelism (using multiple functional
8 units overlapping CPU and I/O
9 operation and pipelining) in both
10 instruction and data stream.
- Control Data Corporation (CDC)
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14 CDC 6600
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- Gordon Moore, predicted that transistor
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density on integrated circuit would double
7 every eighteen months.
8 - Moore's law is the observation that the
number of transistors in a dense
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integrated circuit doubles about every two
10 years. Moore's law is an observation and
projection of a historical trend. Rather
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than a law of physics, it is an empirical
12 relationship linked to gains from
13 experience in production.
14 Moore’s Law-1965
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6 - Richard L. Wexelblat , University of
Pennyslvania.
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1st Ph.D in Computer
11 Science
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6 - In 1967, at an IBM facility in San Jose
7 (CA), work began on a drive that led to
8 the world's first floppy disk and disk
drive. It was introduced into the market
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in an 8-inch (20 cm) format in 1972.
10 - The first floppy disk was built by Allan
11 Shugart of IBM.
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First Floppy Disk- 1967
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6 - A successor to the programming
7 language B, C was originally
8 developed at Bell Labs by Dennis
Ritchie between 1972 and 1973 to
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construct utilities running on Unix.
10 - Developed by Dennis Ritchie and Brian
11 Kernighan a C programming language.
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C- 1972
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5 - It first appeared in 1975 as Altair BASIC,
which was the first version of BASIC
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published by Microsoft as well as the first
7 high-level programming language
8 available for the Altair 8800
microcomputer.
9 - Wrote by Bill Gates and Paul Allen from
10 Harvard, and licensed it to MITS (Micro
Instrumentation Telemetry Systems) in
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exchange for royalty payment.
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Basic- 1975
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6 - Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs
7 finished the computer circuit board of
the Apple 1 Computer. They form
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formed a company called APPLE
9 COMPUTER COMPANY on April Fool’s
10 Day.
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Apple 1 Computer- 1976
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- Released in 1979 by Micropro International,
WordStar was the first commercially
5 successful word processing software
6 program produced for microcomputers. It
became the best-selling software program of the
7 early 1980s. Its inventors were Seymour
Rubenstein and Rob Barnaby.10 Jan 2020
8 Software Genre: Word processor
9 - Wrote by Robert Barnaby
- -One of the most popular and best-selling word
10 processors. It is a program that aids the user in
producing reports, letters, papers and
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manuscript with ease.
12 - GYPSY one of the first word processors termed
“WYSIWYG” (what you see is what you get)
13 developed by XEROX PARC in 1975 which runs
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Wordstar - 1979 on the Alto personal computer.
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- MS-DOS was the main operating system
5 for IBM PC compatible personal
6 computers during the 1980s, from which
point it was gradually superseded by
7 operating systems offering a graphical user
8 interface (GUI), in various generations of the
graphical Microsoft Windows operating
9 system.
10 - Created by Microsoft
- MS-DOS is an operating system for x86-
11 based personal computers mostly developed
12 by Microsoft. Collectively, MS-DOS, its
rebranding as IBM PC DOS, and some
13 MS DOS (Microsoft Disk operating systems attempting to be
14 Operating System) 1980 compatible with MS-DOS, are sometimes
referred to as "DOS".
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- Created by Dr. Bjarne Stroustrup
8 of Bell Laboratories. It is an object-
9 oriented version on C.
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C++
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8 - Became the spreadsheet
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software choice for
microcomputers.
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14 Lotus 1-2-3 (1983)
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- An operating system introduced
14 Windows- 1985 by Microsoft
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5 - Timothy Berners-Lee created the
6 technology underlying the World Wide
7 Web (www). - He proposed a global
network of stored documents that allow
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physics researchers to access and
9 exchange information.
10 - The World Wide Web, commonly known as
the Web, is an information system where
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documents and other web resources are
12 identified by Uniform Resource Locators,
13 World Wide Web which may be interlinked by hyperlinks,
and are accessible over the Internet.
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(www)
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- Founded by Larry Page and Sergey
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Brin
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14 Google- 1995
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6 - Created by Jerry Yang and David Filo
7 - is an American web services provider. It
8 provides a web portal, search engine
Yahoo! Search, and related services,
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including Yahoo! Mail, Yahoo! News,
10 Yahoo! Finance, Yahoo! Answers,
11 Yahoo!.
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Yahoo! - 1997
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- Developed by Honda
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Corporation of Japan.
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- A robot that can walk like a
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human.
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14 ASIMO - 2003
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6 - Facebook is a social networking service
7 launched as TheFacebook on February 4,
2004. It was founded by Mark Zuckerberg
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and Dmy Lin and college roommates and
9 fellow Harvard University students, in
10 particular Eduardo Saverin, Andrew
McCollum, Dustin Moskovitz and Chris
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Hughes.
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Facebook- 2004
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Activit
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Thank You!
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