Irrigation Water Quality Standards And Salinity

Management Strategies
 

Presented by
K .Praveen Kumar
415CY5078

Under the guidance of

Dr.K.Basavaiah
 Water is the most essential and prime necessity
of life.
 Rapid urbanization and industrialization has led to
pollution of surface and ground water. The quality of
water is of vital concern to mankind as it has a direct
link with the human health. The recurring
environmental issues regarding hazardous waste,
global climate change , ground water contamination
have become focus of environmental attention. In the
management of water resources, quality of water is as
important as its quantity
 Good quality water has the potential to
cause maximum yield.

 Poor quality water can develop various soil and

cropping problems.

 Therefore special management practices may then

be required to maintain full crop productivity.
 Numerous parameters are used to define irrigation water
quality, to assess salinity hazards. A complete water
quality analysis will include the determination of:
 
1)the total concentration of soluble salts,
 
2) the relative proportion of sodium to the other cations,
 
3) the bicarbonate concentration as related to the
concentration of calcium and magnesium
 
4) the concentrations of specific elements and compounds.
Two Types of Salt Problems
 
Two types of salt problems exist which are very different: those associated
with the total salinity and those associated with sodium.

Salinity Hazard:
 
Water with high salinity is toxic to plants and poses a salinity hazard. Soils
with high levels of total salinity are call saline soils. High concentrations of
salt in the soil can result in a “physiological” drought condition.  

Sodium Hazard
 
Irrigation water containing large amounts of sodium is of special concern
due to sodium’s effects on the soil and poses a sodium hazard. Sodium
hazard is usually expressed in terms of SAR or the sodium adsorption ratio.
 
1.To analyze the Irrigation water for their
chemical properties.

2.To assess the suitability of water for

Irrigation.
 Collectedwater samples were analyzed in the
laboratory to measure the concentration of the
quality parameters of water samples collected from
different locations.
 Water quality parameters analyzed involves:

1.pH
2.EC
 3.TH
 4.Calcium

 5.magnesium

 6.potassium

 7.sodium

 8.carbonate

 9.bicarbonate

 10.sulphate

 11. chloride
S.No Properties Methodology References
I Physico-chemical
properties Potentiometry
1.
2. pH Conductometry
Electrical
conductivity
II Water soluble
anions Titration with
3. Carbonate and H2SO4
bicarbonate Mohr’s
titration
method
4. Chloride
5. Sulphate Turbidimetric
method
III Cationic constituents
6. Calcium Complexometric
7. Magnesium titration
8. Potassium
Flame photometry

9. Sodium
The concentrations were interpreted and calculated
with irrigation indexes using the following formula
of :
1. Puri’s salt index-
Salt index = (Total Na+ - 24.5) - (Total Ca2+ - Ca2+
in CaCO3 ) x 4.85

 2. Sodium adsorption ratio-

SAR=Na+/(Ca+2 + Mg+2/2)1/2

 3. Soluble sodium percentage-

SSP=Na+/sum of all cations*100
 4. Potential salinity-
PS=Cl-+1/2 SO4
-2

 5. Residual sodium
carbonate-
RSC=(CO3 +HCO3 )-( Ca +
Mg -
)-
+2
+2

6.Kelly’s ratio-
Sl. Quality EC dSm-1 pH Na % Cl SAR RSC
No water
1. Excellent < 0.5 6.5 – <30 <2.5 <1 <1.0
7.5
2. Good 0.5 – 1.0 7.5 – 30 - 60 2.5 – 5.0 1-2 1.0 -
8.0
1.25
3. Fair 1.5 – 3.0 8.0 – 60 - 75 5.0 – 7.5 2-4 1.25 –
8.5 2.0
4. Poor 3.0 – 5.0 8.5 – 75 - 80 7.5 – 4-8 2.0 – 2.5
9.0
10.0
5. Very poor 5.0 – 6.0 9.0 – 80 - 90 10.0 – 8 - 15 2.5 – 3.0
12.5
10.0
6. Unsuitable >6.0 >10 >90 >12.5 >15 >3.0
 Various standard for classification of irrigation water
S.
classification Rating limits Interpretation
no
1 Class I <5.0 Excellent to good
Chloride(me l-1 Class II 5.0-10.0 Good to
Class >10.0 injurious
2 III RSC <1.25 Injurious to
Alkalinity hazard(RSC) 1
RSC 2 1.25-2.50 unsatisfactory
Marginally suitable
RSC 3 >2.50 Suitable
for for
irrigation
irrigation
Unsuitable for
3 irrigation
C1 <0.25 Excellent water
a, Salinity hazard(dsm-1)
C2 0.25-0.75 Good water
C3 0.75-2.25 Doubtful water
b, C4 >2.25 Unsuitable water
Sodicity hazard(SAR) S1 <10 Low sodium
S2 10-18 water
S3 18-26 Medium sodium water
S4 >26 High sodium water
Very high sodium
water
5. Kelly’s ratio C1 <1 Suitable water

C2 >1
Not suitable water

6. Puri’s salt C1 -24.5 TO 0 Good quality water

index C2 0 to +ve
Unsuitable water

7. SSP SSP1 <30 Excellent

30 TO 60 Good
SSP2 60 TO 75 Fair
75 TO 80
Poor
SSP3 80 T0 90
Very poor
>90
SSP4 unsuitable

SSP5
Quality Parameters of the given water samples are found