Communication Models

There are many technologies that enable IoT. Crucial to

the field is the network used to communicate between
devices of an IoT installation, a role that several wireless
or wired technologies may fulfil.

Communication models are broadly categorized as:

Short-range wireless
Long- range wireless
Wired
 Bluetooth low energy (BLE)
 Short-range communications
technology
 Standard: Bluetooth 4.2 core
specification
 Frequency: 2.4GHz (ISM)
 Range: 50-150m (Smart/BLE)
 Data Rates: 1Mbps
(Smart/BLE)
 Light-Fidelity (Li-Fi)
Wireless communication technology similar to
the Wi-Fi standard, but uses visible light
communication for increased bandwidth.
 Near-field communication (NFC)
 Communication protocols enabling
two electronic devices to
communicate within a 4 cm range.
 It enables simple and safe two-way
interactions between electronic
devices and especially applicable for
smartphones, allowing consumers to
perform contactless payment
transactions
 Standard: ISO/IEC 18000-3
 Frequency: 13.56MHz (ISM)
 Range: 10cm Data Rates: 100–420kbps
 QR codes and barcodes
Machine readable optical tags that store
information about the item to which they are
attached.
 Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID)

Technology using electromagnetic fields to read

data stored in tags embedded in other items.
 Others are
• Thread
• Wi-Fi
• Z-Wave
• ZigBee
• LTE-Advanced
• 6LoWPAN ((IPv6 Low-power Wireless Personal
Area Network)
• LoRaWAN
 Long-range wireless
• Low-power wide-area networking (LPWAN)
• Very small aperture terminal (VSAT)
• Wired: Ethernet, Multimedia over Coax
Alliance (MoCA) and Power-line
communication (PLC)
 IoT Communication models
• Request – Response
• Publish Subscribe
• Push-Pull
• Exclusive -Pair
Request – Response communication model
Publish - Subscribe communication model
Publish-Pull communication model
Exclusive -Pair communication model
 Communication APIs
Application Programming Interface (API) is created for a specific application.
APIs are necessary to control devices. APIs hold together connected 'things'
in an IoT system.
APIs aid in transferring information between programs from one application
to another.
An API should be developed keeping in mind reusable patterns and
automated deployment.
An application programming interface or API is a software interface that
enables backend communication between programs and applications.
Communication APIs are broadly classified as:
REST based Communication API
WebSocket based Communication API
 REST Based Communication API
 REST (REpresentational State Transfer) is an architectural style and
an approach to communications that is often used in the
development of Web services.
 API is preferred over SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) as it
consumes less bandwidth.
 WebSocket based Communication API
It is a computer communications protocol, providing full-duplex
communication channels over a single TCP connection.
Designed to be implemented in web browsers and web servers,
but it can be used by any client or server application.