Artificial Intelligence

Introduction
 When we think of AI
• Will a robot take my job?
• How is artificial intelligence likely to change my job in
the next ten years?
• Where are AI technologies being used right now and
where will they come next?
 What we will cover
• How do we define AI

• What are the AI related fields

• Philosophy of AI
 Coining AI
• The term Artificial Intelligence is often attributed to John McCarthy (1927-2011)
– who is often also referred to as the Father of AI – but in fact he denies coming
up with the term.
• He was nevertheless influential in its adoption of the name for the emerging field.
• The term became established when it was chosen as the topic of a summer
seminar, known as the Dartmouth Workshop, which was organized by McCarthy
and held in 1956 at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire.
• In the proposal to organize the seminar, McCarthy continued with Turing's
argument about automated computation:
Slide Title

Deus Ex Machina
(Matrix)
HAL 9000
(2001, A Space
Odyssey)

T800 / T850 V.I.K.I.

(The Terminator) (I, Robot)
 Fun Introductory Videos

 Artificial Intelligence by Steven Spielberg

https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=63&v=_19pRsZRiz
4

 Her by Spike Jonze

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WzV6mXIOVl4

 I, Robothttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=05bGPiyM4jg
 Fun Introductory Videos

 Multi-Agent Hide and Seek

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kopoLzvh5jY&t=7s

 Google's DeepMind AI Just Taught Itself To Walk

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gn4nRCC9TwQ

 SUMO AIhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2cjkKnAxCug

 ELIZA
https://www.masswerk.at/elizabot/
 What is AI
• AI means different things to different people:

– For some, AI is about artificial life-forms that

can surpass human intelligence,
– for others, almost any data processing
technology can be called AI.
So what is AI:
Example Applications

1. Autonomous cars

2. Content recommendation

3. Image and Video processing

1) Self-driving cars

• Self-driving cars require a combination of AI

techniques that each must work with flawless
precision in order to avoid accidents:
– search and planning to find the most convenient
route from A to B
– computer vision to identify obstacles
– decision making under uncertainty to cope with the
complex and dynamic environment.

• Other autonomous systems: delivery robots, flying

Self-driving cars
Implications?

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ixIoDYVfKA0

2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SE3gXRKBNHc
Self-driving cars
Implications?

Since transportation is crucial in

Humans move into a supervisory
Road safety improved as our daily life, it is likely that there
role, keeping an eye on what’s
reliability of the systems are also some implications that
going on while machines take
surpasses human level. we haven't even thought about
care of the driving.
yet.
2) Content Recommendation
• While the frontpage of the printed version of
the New York Times is the same for all readers,
the frontpage of the online version is different for
each user.
• The algorithms that determine the content that
you see are based on AI.
2) Content Recommendation
Examples
Online advertisements:
While surfing the web, have you
Facebook, Twitter, ever wondered how most ads
Instagram, and other are related to your
social media content interests? That's a
representation of AI, more so of
Machine Learning in action

Music Movie
recommendations on recommendations on
Spotify Netflix or HBO
2) Content Recommendation
Implications?
Fake News Echo Chambers
When beliefs are amplified or
reinforced by communication
and repetition inside a closed
system.
Troll Factories:
a company that pays its
employees to write online
comments in favour or against
somebody or something, posing
as ordinary Internet users.
Russia's troll factory runs
thousands of fake Facebook and
Twitter accounts to flood social
media with anti-Ukrainian
propaganda.
3) Image and Video Processing
• Face recognition:
– Government applications, automatic tagging on social media
and passport control.
• AI can be used to generate or alter visual content:
– Style transfer: alter one’s image to look like a Renoir
painting.
– Computer generated characters in motion pictures such as:
•  Avatar, the Lord of the Rings, and Pixar animations where the
animated characters replicate gestures made by real human actors.
3) Image and Video Processing
Implications?

Easy to create natural looking fake videos of events that

are impossible to distinguish from real footage.
This challenges the notion that
DeepFake. “seeing is believing”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1h-yy3h1u04
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nqHOmnjM974
Historical Portraits brought to life
 So what IS and what IS NOT
AI?
1. What seems easy is actually hard: E.g. picking an object.
– https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2018/03/03/meet-rob
ot-lending-cyber-hand-cornwalls-cauliflower-harvest/
– https://spectrum.ieee.org/automaton/robotics/artificial-inte
lligence/google-large-scale-robotic-grasping-project
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=64&v=cXa
ic_k80uM

2. AI as a scientific discipline: collection of concepts, problems and

methods.
 So what IS and what IS NOT
AI?
Back in the 1950s, the fathers of the field Minsky and
McCarthy described AI to be:
1. Any task performed by a program or a
machine that, if a human carried out the
same activity, we would say the human had
to apply intelligence to accomplish the task.
2. Very broad description.
AI Generally Accepted Definition

“Artificial intelligence is defined as the branch of science and technology that is

concerned with the study of software and hardware to provide machines the ability to
learn insights from data and environment, and the ability to adapt in changing situation
with high precision, accuracy and speed.” 
― Amit Ray, 
Compassionate Artificial Superintelligence AI 5.0 — AI with Blockchain, BMI, Drone
, IOT, and Biometric Technologies
Better definition of AI:
AI as a Scientific Discipline

Autonomy Adaptivity
The ability to perform tasks in complex The ability to improve performance by
environments without constant guidance by a learning from experience.
user
 Words can be misleading
Common examples are learning, understanding, and intelligence.
• A system is intelligent: delivers accurate navigation instructions or detects signs of
melanoma in photographs of skin lesions.
– The word "intelligent" easily suggests that the system is capable of performing any task
an intelligent person is able to perform:
• going to the grocery store and cooking dinner, washing and folding laundry, and so on.
• A computer vision system understands images: it is able to segment an image into distinct
objects such as other cars, pedestrians, buildings, the road, and so on,
– the word "understand" suggests that the system also understands that even if a person
is wearing a t-shirt that has a photo of a road printed on it, it is not okay to drive on that
road (and over the person).
• In both of the above
cases, we'd be wrong.
 Related Fields
Machine Learning: subfield of AI

Deep Learning: subfield of machine learning

Data Science: umbrella terms that includes ML, statistics, algorithms, data storage
and web application development.

Robotics: ultimate challenge of AI, requires combination of all its areas.

  A central branch of AI Systems: improves their
performance in a task with more and more
Machine experience or data:
 Based on trial and error
Learning  Aim to gain knowledge stored in data.
 E.g. each time a robot makes a decision on a
specific path, he will search his data to see
which one is the best for him.
 Enables adaptive AI solutions
 Deep  Definition: complex mathematical models of
machine learning
Learning
  Definition: a practical discipline that requires
understanding of:
 the domain in which it is applied in, for
Data Science example, business or science
 its purpose, basic assumptions, and constraints.
 Data science solutions often involve at least a bit of
AI.
  Definition: building and programming robots so that
they can operate in complex, real-world scenarios.
Examples include:
Robotics  Computer vision and speech recognition for
sensing the environment
 Natural language processing, information retrieval
 Cognitive modeling and affective computing
(systems that respond to expressions of human
feelings or that mimic feelings) for interacting and
working together with humans.
 Philosophy of AI

The very nature of the term “artificial

intelligence” brings up philosophical
questions whether intelligent behavior
implies or requires the existence of a mind,
and to what extent is consciousness
replicable as computation.
 The Turing test or possibility to simulate intelligence and thinking by
machines.
Alan Turing (1912 – 1954).
The Turing test (1950), is a test of a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior indistinguishable from that of a
human.

The Turing game: Turing proposed that a human evaluator would judge natural language conversations between a
human and a machine designed to generate human-like responses.
http://www.mind.ilstu.edu/curriculum/turing_test/turing_test_curric_long.php
http://www.mind.ilstu.edu/curriculum/searle_chinese_room/robot_room_linguistic_flash.php?modGUI=203&co
mpGUI=1864&itemGUI=3260

The evaluator would be aware that one of the two partners in conversation is a machine, and all participants
would be separated from one another. The conversation would be limited to a text-only channel such as a
computer keyboard and screen so the result would not depend on the machine's ability to render words as speech.
If the evaluator cannot reliably tell the machine from the human, the machine is said to have passed the test. The
test results do not depend on the machine's ability to give correct answers to questions, only how closely its
answers resemble those a human would give.
 The Turing test
(Cont…)
In the test, a human interrogator interacts with
two players, A and B, by exchanging written
messages (in a chat). If the interrogator cannot
determine which player, A or B, is a computer
and which is a human, the computer is said to
pass the test. The argument is that if a
computer is indistinguishable from a human in
a general natural language conversation, then
it must have reached human-level intelligence.
 The Turing test
(Cont…)

In other words, an entity is

intelligent if it cannot be
distinguished from another
intelligent entity by observing
its behavior.
The Turing test
Video
 Does being human-like mean you are intelligent?

One criticism of the Turing test as Is Eugene a computer or a

a test for intelligence is that it person? (Eugene Goostman)
may actually measure whether
the computer behaves like a
human more than whether it is
intelligent.

Goostman is portrayed as a 13-

year-old Ukrainian boy —
characteristics that are intended
to induce forgiveness in those
with whom it interacts for its
grammatical errors and lack of
general knowledge. 

Eugene Goostman, who in reality

is a computer program, fooled 10
out of 30 judges into thinking he is
a real person.
Two Chatbots
 The Chinese room argument
The idea that intelligence is the same as intelligent behavior has been challenged by some. Searle describes an
experiment where a person who doesn't know Chinese is locked in a room. Outside the room is a person who can
slip notes written in Chinese inside the room through a mail slot. The person inside the room is given a big manual
where she can find detailed instructions for responding to the notes she receives from the outside.

Searle argued that even if the person outside the room gets the impression that he is in a conversation with another
Chinese-speaking person, the person inside the room does not understand Chinese.
http://www.mind.ilstu.edu/curriculum/modOverview.php?modGUI=203

Likewise, his argument continues, even if a machine behaves in an intelligent manner, for example, by passing the
Turing test, it doesn’t follow that it is intelligent or that it has a “mind” in the way that a human has. The word
“intelligent” can also be replaced by the word “conscious” and a similar argument can be made.
 Is a self-driving car intelligent?
The Chinese Room argument goes against the notion that intelligence can be broken down into small
mechanical instructions that can be automated.

A self-driving car is an example of an element of intelligence (driving a car) that can be automated. The Chinese
Room argument suggests that this, however, isn’t really intelligent thinking: it just looks like it.

The AI system in the car doesn’t see or understand its environment, and it doesn’t know how to drive safely, in
the way a human being sees, understands, and knows. According to Searle this means that the intelligent
behavior of the system is fundamentally different from actually being intelligent.

http://www.mind.ilstu.edu/curriculum/searle_chinese_room/searle_chinese_room.php?modGUI=203&compG
UI=1863&itemGUI=3256
How much does philosophy matter in practice?

The definition of intelligence, natural or artificial, and consciousness appears to be

extremely evasive and leads to apparently never-ending discourse. 

However, the philosophy of AI is “unlikely to have any more effect on the practice of AI
research than philosophy of science generally has on the practice of science.” 

Thus, we’ll continue investigating systems that are helpful in solving practical problems
without asking too much whether they are intelligent or just behave as if they were.
General vs Narrow AI:
Narrow AI refers to AI that handles one task: all the AI methods we use today fall here.
General AI, or Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) refers to a machine that can handle any intellectual task. General AI is in the realm of
science fiction. In fact, the ideal of AGI has been all but abandoned by the AI researchers because of lack of progress towards it in more
than 50 years despite all the effort. In contrast, narrow AI makes progress in leaps and bounds.

Strong vs Weak AI:

This boils down to the above philosophical distinction between being intelligent and acting intelligently, which was emphasized by Searle.
Strong AI would amount to a “mind” that is genuinely intelligent and self-conscious.
Weak AI is what we actually have, namely systems that exhibit intelligent behaviors despite being “mere“ computers.
Thus, we’ll continue investigating systems that are helpful in solving practical problems without asking too much whether they are intelligent or
just behave as if they were.

Key Terminology
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
 Food for thought

How far is too far?

https://www.youtube.com/wat
ch?v=UwsrzCVZAb8&list=PLjq6
DwYksrzz_fsWIpPcf6V7p2RNAn
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