MALVINO

Electronic
PRINCIPLES
SIXTH EDITION
Diode Circuits

Chapter 4
 VP
The half-wave
Vin
rectifier

Vin Vout Ideal: VP(in) = VP(out)

VP

Vout
 Half-wave rectifier
• The dc value of the output is the
average value.
• Vdc = VP/
• fout = fin
• Second approximation:
VP(out) = VP(in) - 0.7 V
 Transformer review
• When the turns ratio (N1/N2) is greater than
1, the primary voltage is stepped down.
• When the turns ratio is less than 1, the
primary voltage is stepped up.
• Dotted ends have the same instantaneous
phase.
• Full-wave rectifiers require a winding with
a center tap.
The full-wave
Vin
rectifier

C.T.
Vout

Vout
 Full-wave rectifier
• The dc value of the output is the average
value.
• Vdc = 2VP/
• fout = 2fin
• The input to each diode is half the secondary
voltage.
• Second approximation:
VP(out) = VP(in) - 0.7 V
The bridge
Vin
rectifier

Vout

Vout
 Bridge rectifier
• The dc value of the output is the
average value.
• Vdc = 2VP/
• fout = 2fin
• Second approximation:
VP(out) = VP(in) - 1.4 V
 The choke-input filter

L
Vin C RL Vout

When XL >> XC:

XC
Vout  Vin
XL
The capacitor-input Discharge
filter
+ VP

Charge
-

I
VR =
fC

Where VR is the peak-to-peak ripple voltage

 Dc output voltage drops when
load current increases
• Ac line regulation can have an effect
• Bulk resistance of rectifiers causes a
voltage drop
• Resistance of transformer windings
causes a voltage drop
• Ac ripple increases and average dc
decreases
 Diode ratings
• Half-wave rectifier with capacitor-input
filter: PIV = 2VP Idiode = Idc
• Full-wave rectifier with capacitor-input
filter: PIV = VP Idiode = Idc
• Bridge rectifier with capacitor-input
filter: PIV = VP Idiode = 0.5Idc
 Bridge supply troubleshooting
• No output - - blown fuse, two or more
diodes open, load shorted
• Low output/extra ripple - - bad filter,
open diode, shorted winding, overload
• Full-wave signal at output - - open filter
capacitor
• Half-wave ripple frequency - - open diode
 Positive clipper

RS 0.7 V
Vin RL Vout
 Negative clipper

RS
Vin RL Vout
-0.7 V
 Positive clamper

C
RL Vout

-0.7 V

Stiff clamper: RLC > 100T

 Negative clamper

C 0.7 V
RL Vout

Stiff clamper: RLC > 100T

Half-wave voltage doubler
VP

C1 D2
D1 C2 2VP
Full-wave voltage doubler

VP

2VP

VP