Hard Disk Interfaces, Ports

 IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) is a standard electronic interface used

between a computer motherboard's data paths or bus and the computer's disk
storage devices. The ANSI name for IDE is Advanced Technology Attachment
(ATA) .
 IDE cable is attached to a CD/DVD drive (unseen) installed in a
drive bay at the top of the case, but it could also have been
attached to the same cable, because a single IDE cable can
accommodate two IDE drives, which can include a CD/DVD
drive.
 The second cable is attached to the motherboard using the
connector beside the connector to which the hard disk drive is
connected.
 The ATA (Advanced Technology Attachment) standard is a standard interface that allows
you to connect storage peripherals to PC computers. The ATA standard was developed on
May 12, 1994 by the ANSI .

 Despite the official name "ATA", this standard is better known by the commercial term
IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) or Enhanced IDE (EIDE or E-IDE).

 The ATA standard was originally intended for connecting hard drives, however an
extension called ATAPI (ATA Packet Interface) was developed in order to be able to
interface other storage peripherals (CD-ROM drives, DVD-ROM drives, etc.) on an ATA
interface.

 Since the Serial ATA standard (written S-ATA or SATA) has emerged, which allows you
to transfer data over a serial link, the term "Parallel ATA" (written PATA or P-ATA)
sometimes replaces the term "ATA" in order to differentiate between the two standards.
 ATA-1
 ATA-2
 ATA-3
 ATAPI
 ATA-ATAPI4
 ATA-ATAPI5
 ATA-ATAPI6
 ATA-1 (1994) had a transfer speed of 8.3 MBps
 ATA-2 (1996) for 16.6 MBps.
 ATA-3 (1997) added security features to the
standard with 16.6MBps
 ATA-4 (1998) for 33MBps
 ATA-5 (2000) for 66MBps
 ATA-6 (2001) 100 MBps
 ATA-7 133 MBps
 The ATA standard allows you to connect storage peripherals directly with the
motherboard with a ribbon cable, which is generally made up of 40 parallel
wires and three connectors (usually a blue connector for the motherboard and a
black connector and a grey connector for the two storage peripherals).

 On the cable, one of the peripherals must be declared the master cable and the
other the slave. It is understood that the far connector (black) is reserved for the
master peripheral and the middle connector (grey) for the slave peripheral. A
mode called cable select (abbreviated as CS or C/S) allows you to
automatically define the master and slave peripherals as long as the computer's
BIOS supports this functionality.
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Data transmission occurs thanks to a protocol called PIO (Programmed
Input/Output), which allows peripherals to exchange data with the RAM with the
help of commands managed directly by the processor.

However, large data transfers can quickly impose a large workload on the
processor and slow down the whole system.

There are 5 PIO modes that define the maximum throughput:

PIO Mode Throughput (Mb/s)

Mode 0 3.3
Mode 1 5.2
Mode 2 8.3
Mode 3 11.1
Mode 4 16.7
 The DMA (Direct Memory Access) technique allows computers to free up the processor by
allowing each of the peripherals to directly access the memory. There are two types of DMA
modes:

 The "single word" DMA, which permits the transfer of one single word (2 bytes or 16 bits)
during each transfer session
 The "multi-word" DMA, which permits the successive transfer of several words in each
transfer session
 The following table lists the different DMA modes and their associated throughputs:

DMA Mode Throughput (Mb/s)

0 (Single word) 2.1
1 (Single word) 4.2
2 (Single word) 8.3
0 (Multi-word) 4.2
1 (Multi-word) 13.3
2 (Multi-word) 16.7
 ATA-1: The ATA-1 standard, better known as IDE, allows you to connect two
peripherals on a 40-wire cable and offers an 8 or 16-bit transfer rate with a
throughput of the order of 8.3 Mb/s.
 ATA-1 defines and supports PIO modes (Programmed Input/output) 0, 1 and 2
as well as multi-word DMA mode (Direct Memory Access) 0.

 ATA-2 : The ATA-2 standard, better known as EIDE (or sometimes

Fast ATA, Fast ATA-2 or Fast IDE), allows you to connect two
peripherals on a 40-wire cable and offers an 8 or 16-bit transfer rate with
a throughput of the order of 16.6 Mb/s.
ATA-2 supports PIO modes 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 and multi-word DMA
modes 0, 1 and 2. In addition, ATA-2 allows you to increase the
maximum disk size from 528 Mb, which is imposed by the ATA-1
standard, to 8.4 Gb.

The ATA-3 standard (also called ATA Attachment 3 Interface) represents a
minor revision of ATA-2 (with downward compatibility) and was published in
1997 under the standard X3.298-1997.
The ATA-3 standard brings the following improvements:
 Improved reliability: ATA-3 enables the increased reliability of high-speed
transfers
 S.M.A.R.T (Self-Monitoring Analysis and Reporting Technology: a function
intended to improve reliability and prevent against failures
 Security function: the peripherals can be protected by a password added to the
BIOS. When the computer is started, it verifies that the password encoded in
the BIOS corresponds to the one stored on the drive. This allows you to prevent
the drive from being used on a different computer.

ATA-3 is not a new mode but supports PIO modes 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 as well as
DMA modes 0, 1 and 2.
 ATA-4:This 1998 revision introduced UltraDMA (UDMA), with transfer modes
up to 33 Mbps. This is commonly referred to as UDMA/33 or UltraATA/33.
UDMA/33 operates at twice the speed of the fastest PIO or DMA mode.
 ATA-4 also introduced support for an optional 80-wire, 40-pin ribbon cable that
helped cut down on noise resistance (cross talk) and integrated the AT
Attachment Packet Interface (ATAPI), which had formerly been a separate
standard. This allowed CD-ROM drives, tape drives, and other removable
storage devices to work under a common interface standard.
 ATA-5:This standard, introduced in 1999, offered UDMA/66, providing
transfer modes up to 66 Mbps. The only glitch (and it’s a minor one) is that you
need an 80-conductor cable to take advantage of the higher transfer rate. If you
have only a standard IDE cable, the drive will operate at UDMA/33 speeds.
The drive automatically detects the type of cable in use.

 ATA-6: This is a brand-new standard in 2000, offering UDMA/100 with

transfer rates of up to 100 Mbps. As with ATA-5, you must have an 80-
conductor cable; otherwise the drive will revert back to UDMA/33
performance. And again, the motherboard or I/O card must be UDMA/100-
capable; if it isn’t, the drive will revert to the top speed that it does support:
UDMA/33 or UDMA/66.
 The ATA-7 standard defines Ultra DMA/133 (also called Ultra DMA mode 6
or Ultra-ATA133), which allows drives to reach throughputs of 133 Mb/s
 The serial ATA, or SATA computer bus, is a storage-
interface for connecting host bus adapters to mass
storage devices such as hard disk drives and optical
drives.
 The SATA host adapter is integrated into almost all
modern consumer laptop computers and desktop
motherboards.
 Serial ATA was designed to replace the older ATA (AT
Attachment) standard (also known as EIDE).


 There are currently two available versions of SATA: SATA 1.5 and
SATA 3.
 The numbers reflect each version's data transfer rate; SATA 1.5
can transfer data at up to 1.5 Gbits/s, while SATA 3 can transfer
data at up to 3 Gbits/s.
 SATA 1.5 and SATA 3 devices are interchangeable. You can
connect a SATA 1.5 hard drive to a SATA 3 interface, and the
drive will work just fine, although only at the slower 1.5 Gbits/s
speed. The reverse is also true.
 If you connect a SATA 3 hard drive to a SATA 1.5 interface it will
work, but only at the reduced speed of the SATA 1.5 interface.
 Cables are very thin with small 7-pin connectors. They can be up
to 3 feet (1 meter) in length, and are easily routed to stay out of
the way allowing maximum airflow inside the case.
 SATA also has a far lower power requirement of just 250 mV
compared to PATA's 5-volt requirement,
 Serial ATA does away with Master/Slave configurations and drive
jumpers. Setup is greatly simplified,.
 SATA technology even allows hot-swapping, meaning drives can
be removed or added while the computer is running.
 The most promising feature of Serial ATA is that it eliminates the
transfer limit hit by PATA. First generation has a maximum
transfer rate of 150 MBps, and second generation SATA delivers
300 MBps
 SATA cables are internal computer cords and are used
to connect devices such as hard drives and optical
drives. eSATA cords are used to connect external
devices, such as external hard drives
 Small Computer System Interface, or SCSI, (pronounced scuzzy), is a set of
standards for physically connecting and transferring data between computers
and peripheral devices.
 An adaptor card, also called a "host adaptor," is required for connecting SCSI
drives to the motherboard, but this serves more like a gateway for data transfer,
rather than a processing center. The SCSI controller allows system resources to
remain freed up during heavy data processing because it is the individual drive
controllers doing the bulk of the work. In addition, individual SCSI drives can
communicate directly, requiring almost no CPU power, while ATA or SATA
drives must all rely on the system to provide the processing
 SCSI
 Small Computer System Interface
 Supports dozens of devices
 External devices daisy chain
 Fast hard drives and CD-ROMs
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 Standard computer ports
 Keyboard and mouse ports
 USB ports
 Parallel
 Network
 Modem
 Audio
 Serial
 Video
 mouse
keyboard
USB
USB
 Used to serial port printer (parallel
connect port)
external
devices to the speaker
system unit
monitor
microphone
 Most located game port
on the back of network
the system
unit telephone
telephone line line out
in
svideo out FM reception

cable TV
 Serial and parallel ports
 Connect to printers or modems
 Parallel ports move bits simultaneously
 Made of 8 – 32 wires
 Internal busses are parallel
 Serial ports move one bit
 Lower data flow than parallel
 Requires control wires
 UART converts from serial to parallel
SERIAL PORT
Considered to be one of the most basic external connections to a
computer, the serial port has been an integral part of most computers for
more than 20 years. Although many of the newer systems have done away
with the serial port completely in favor of USB connections, most modems
still use the serial port, as do some printers, PDAs and digital cameras.
Few computers have more than two serial ports.
 Parallel Ports
If you have a printer connected to your computer, there is a good chance that
it uses the parallel port. While USB is becoming increasingly popular, the
parallel port is still a commonly used interface for printers. Parallel ports can
be used to connect a host of popular computer peripherals:
• Printers
• Scanners
• CD burners
• External hard drives
• Iomega Zip removable drives
• Network adapters
• Tape backup drives
 SCSI
 Small Computer System Interface
 Supports dozens of devices
 External devices daisy chain
 Fast hard drives and CD-ROMs
 USB
 Universal Serial Bus
 Most popular external bus
 Supports up to 127 devices
 Hot swappable
 Universal Serial Bus (USB) Ports
The goal of USB is to end all of these headaches. The Universal Serial Bus gives you a
single, standardized, easy-to-use way to connect up to 127 devices to a computer.
Just about every peripheral made now comes in a USB version. A sample list of USB
devices that you can buy today includes:
Printers Scanners Mice Joysticks Flight yokes
Digital cameras Webcams Scientific data acquisition devices
Modems Speakers Telephones Video phones
Storage devices such as Zip drives Network connections
Connecting a USB device to a computer is simple -- you find the USB connector on the
back of your machine and plug the USB connector into it.
 A typical "B" connection
The rectangular socket is a typical USB socket
on the back of a PC.

A typical USB connector,

called an "A" connection
 FireWire
 IEEE 1384
 Cameras and video equipment
 Hot swappable
 Port is very expensive