Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter2 Bej10403 s12021v1
Chapter2 Bej10403 s12021v1
Chapter2 Bej10403 s12021v1
BEJ 10403
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 2
FIRST ORDER
CIRCUIT
Lecture Contents
Introduction
Introduction
Singularity Functions
5
Important Concepts
6
◼The total response of a first order circuit is
made up of two parts; the transient
response and the steady state
response.
Total Response
7
Transient response
- is the initial response of the circuit to a
change at its input. This response decays
exponentially, and will eventually disappear.
8
2.2
The source-free RC
circuit
2.2 The source-free RC circuit
◼ A source-free RC circuit
occurs when its dc source
is suddenly disconnected.
w(0) = (2.2)
11
▪ Applying KCL at the top
node of the circuit
iC + iR = 0 (2.3)
▪ By definition, iC = and iR =
Thus
+ =0 (2.4)
or + =0 (2.5)
12
▪ This is a first-order differential equation, since only
the first derivative of ν is involved. To solve it, we
rearrange the terms as
(2.6)
13
▪ Taking powers of e produces
(2.7)
14
▪ Since the response is due to the initial energy
stored and the physical characteristics of the
circuit and not due to some external voltage or
current source, it is called the natural response
of the circuit. Natural response: the
behavior (in terms of
voltages and currents) of
the circuit itself,
with no external sources of
excitation.
15
▪ The time constant, , of a circuit is the time
required for the response to decay by a factor of
= = 0.368 V0
or = RC (2.8)
16
▪ In terms of the time constant, Eq. (6.7) can be
written as
(2.9)
17
▪ With the voltage in Eq. (2.9), we can find the
current iR(t),
(2.10)
(2.11)
18
▪ The energy absorbed by the resistor up to time t
is (eq. 2.12)
w (0) = (2.14)
22
▪ Applying KVL around the loop in the figure
above,
ν L + νR = 0 (2.15)
+ Ri = 0
or (2.16)
23
▪ Rearranging terms and integrating gives
or (2.17)
24
Taking the powers of e, we have
(2.18)
Current response
of the RL circuit
25
▪ Therefore, from Eq. (2.18), the time
constant for the RL circuit is
τ = (2.19)
(2.20)
26
▪ With the current in Eq. (6.20), we can find
the voltage across the resistor as
(2.21)
(2.22)
27
▪ The energy absorbed by the resistor is
(2.23)
28
2.4
Singularity Function
2.4 Singularity Functions
(Mathematical concepts)
▪ Singularity functions (also called switching
functions) are very useful in circuit analysis.
u(t) = (2.24)
u(t)
t
Fig.1:The unit step function
31
If the abrupt change occurs at t = t0(where t0>0)
instead of t = 0, the unit step functions becomes;
u(t - t0)
t0 t
Fig.2 :The unit step function
32
If the change occurs at t = - t0(where t0<0)
instead of t=0, the unit step functions becomes;
u(t + t0)
1
- t0 0 t
Fig. 3: The unit step advanced by to
33
We use the step function to represent an abrupt
change in voltage or current,
eg. changes occurs in the circuits of control
systems and digital computers.
v(t) = (2.27)
34
t=
a 0 a
+ +
V0u(t) -
Vo -
b b
Figure 4
I0u(t) Io
b b
Figure 5
(2.28)
0 t
Fig. 6:The unit impulse function
37
Unit impulse may be expressed mathematically as
(2.29)
t
-2 -1 0 1 2 3
38
Integrating the unit step function u(t) results in the
unit ramp function, r(t), we write
r(t)
1
(2.30) 0 1 t
Fig.8: The unit ramp function
The
The unit
unit ramp
ramp function
function isis zero
zero for
for negative
negativevalues
values of
of tt
and
and has
has aaunit
unit slope
slope for
for positive
positivevalues
values of
of tt
39
For the delayed unit ramp function,
r(t-t0)
1
(2.31)
0 t0 t0+1 t
Fig. 9: The unit ramp
function delayed by t0
40
For the advanced unit ramp function,
r(t+t0)
1
(2.32)
-t0 -t0+1 0 t
Fig. 10: The unit ramp
function advanced by t0
41
2.5
Step Response RC
Circuit
2.5 Step Response RC Circuit
▪ When the dc source of an RC circuit is
suddenly applied, the voltage or current
source can be modeled as a step function
and the response is known as a step
response, as in Figure 1.
▪ The step response of a circuit is its behavior
when the excitation is the step function,
which may be a voltage or a current source.
43
v(0-) = voltage across
capacitor just before
switching
v(0+) = voltage immediately
after switching
● Initial condition:
v(0-) = v(0+) = V0 Since the
capacitor
voltage cannot
● Applying KCL, change
instantaneously
or
44
▪ The expression of step response of RC circuit is
given as:
45
▪ If the capacitor is assumed not
charged initially, therefore V0 = 0,
46
▪ The current through the capacitor is obtained
from i(t) = C dv/dt, we get;
▪ for t > 0
47
Final value Initial value Source-free
at t -> ∞ at t = 0 Response
= V0e–t/τ + Vs(1–e–t/τ)
48
Three steps to find out the step response of an
RC circuit:
1. The initial capacitor voltage, v(0).
2. The final capacitor voltage, v(∞) — DC voltage
across C.
3. The time constant, τ.
Note: This equation applies only to step response, that is when the
input excitation is constant.
49
2.6
Step Response RL
Circuit
2.6 Step Response of RL Circuit
▪ The step response of a circuit is its
behavior when the excitation is the step
function, which may be a voltage or a
current source.
51
▪ Consider the RL circuit in Figure 4
🡪 our goal is to find the inductor current, i
(a) (b)
52
▪ Let the response to be the sum of the natural current and
the forced current,
i = in + if -----------------(16)
53
▪ The forced response is the value of the current a long
time after the switch in Figure 4(a) is closed.
54
55
56
▪ The response in Eq.(21) may be written as
where i(0) and i(∞) are the initial and final values of i.
▪ If I0 =0, then
59
Summary
▪The steady- state response
- behavior of the circuit after an independent source
▪ Or more generally
▪ Or we may write it as
instantaneous value
61