Professional Documents
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4-Plant Mechanisation Group 103
4-Plant Mechanisation Group 103
CONSTRUCTION PLANT
&
MECHANISATION
SEHS 3284
Construction Technology & Materials II
Edmond Wong
2
Background of Increasing
Mechanisation in HK Building
Industry
• Labour – shortage, ageing
• Tall buildings
• Bulky construction materials (precast,
modular construction)
• Stricter safety standard
• Better and consistent quality
• Shorter construction time
3
Types of Machines
https://www.aprentalshk.com/en/product/equipment_rental/index.php
1. Excavation Machines
2. Earth Compacting machines
3. Foundation machines
4. Materials Transporting Machines
1. Cranes
2. Hoists
5. Workers Transporting Machines
6. Concrete Mixing Plant
7. Concrete Placing Machines
8. Formwork Hoist
9. Automation
4
1) Excavating Machines
• Wheel-mounted
machines: faster speed
and response but cannot
be used if the ground
condition is bad
• Needs more space for
turning
• Less traction with the
ground
• Less stable than track-
mounted
• Tires may puncture in
abrasive surfaces
5
1) Excavating Machines
• Track-mounted
machines: better traction
between track and the
ground can be used
in muddy/slippery/slope
site condition
• Suitable for congested
site – can swing/rotate in
a circle
• More stable when
working on slope
6
Bulldozer
• Strip top soil
• Clear vegetation
• Backfilling
• Levelling
• Large bucket
more efficient
than backacter to
transport soil to
lorries
8
Backacter / Backhoe
• Hydraulically-operated backacter – very popular in HK
9
Backactor / Backhoe
• Trench excavation for laying
utilities pipes (bucket width to
suit trench width)
• Work below the level of tracks
(dig downward)
• Foundation and basement
excavation (rest on upper
level)
• Backfilling
• Stage excavation required if
excavation exceeds max.
digging depth
Backhoe with Telescopic Dipper 13
Arm
14
15
Face Shovel
• Rope or hydraulic
operating
• Rest on lower level and
work above the track
against an excavation
face
• Bucket pushed upward
from toe to top
• Uncommon in HK
16
Face Shovel
17
Dragline
• Rope operated only
• 3 rope drums
• Luffing winch (up
and down of boom)
• Hoisting winch (up
and down of bucket)
• Drag winch (pull the
bucket back)
• Excavation below
the level of tracks
18
Dragline
• Large coverage (area)
because long boom
length
• For mining,
reclamation, ready-
mixed concrete
batching plant
• Difficult to put bucket
in exact position
19
Roller
22
Impact
Hammer /
Stamper
24
3) Foundation Machines
• Displacement Piles: H piles,
Daido piles
• Vibration (H-pile) – vibrator hammer
(vibration may affect nearby structures)
• Momentum – drop hammer (noise)
• Hydraulic – hydraulic press-in hammer
(quiet)
25
26
Drop
Hammer
27
3) Foundation Machines
Lading Platforms
32
Retractable
Loading Platforms
34
35
Track-mounted Strut-
Boom Crane
• Also called crawler-
mounted
• Also called lattice boom
• Takes longer time to
set up the boom
• Fly jib can be added to
extend the serving
radius
37
38
39
Short Headroom – Short 40
Boom
41
Lorry-mounted
Telescopic
Mobile Crane
44
45
boom
Wheel
(lorry)
mounted
Track
(crawler)
mounted
48
Tower crane
assembly
60
Tower Crane - 62
Types
• 2 major types – horizontal boom/jib and luffing
boom/jib
• Luffing boom: boom can be raised clear of
nearby obstructions when slewing
• Luffing boom used when: close to neighbouring
buildings/obstructions, congested cranes
(prevent overlapping of crane coverage)
• Change serving radius by
• Horizontal boom: travelling trolley or saddle
• Luffing boom: change of jib angles
63
Horizontal Jib
Crane
64
Tower Crane
• Internally-mounted
• Openings on slabs need to be cast later
• Shorter boom length (radius) covers
maximum floor area
• Externally-Mounted
• May affect progress of external finishing
• Usually requires a longer boom to serve the
same floor area when compared with inside-
mounted tower crane
Mast penetrate Slab Opening 66
Externally-
mounted
Crane
68
Externally-
mounted
Climbing
Crane
74
• Climbing Crane
• Each lift will go up 2 to 3 storeys
• Lift up by hydraulic jacks
• Loading to be transferred to the
building structure (e.g load bearing
walls)
• Additional forces : (1) vertical forces
- dead load of the crane itself and
the load weight and (2) lateral
forces / overturning force derive
from load weight movement and
wind
75
76
Climbing Crane
• Extra stiffening of walls and
columns may be required on
these supporting floors
• Temporary steel sections fixed
in supporting intermediate
floors to transfer loadings to
structural elements (columns,
walls)
77
Loading of
Crane Being
Transmitted to
the Wall by
Structural steel
78
79
Anything Wrong??
84
Set-up
Another
crane at roof:
sections of
derrick Crane
to be erected
at the roof to
dismantle the
tower crane
89
90
Dismantle Tower Crane by Derrick
Crane
91
• https://blog.xuite.net/q47953744/hkblog/110697057-%E6%80%8E%E6%A8%A3%E6%8B
%86%E5%A4%A9%E7%A7%A4
92
Jib-cum-
material-hoist
• Used in small and/or
congested site e.g.
single tower of limited
size
• Loading capacity of
jib crane is limited
93
6 Cranes !!
104
IFCII –
3 Luffing
Boom Cranes
– but one is
enough to
cover the
whole site!
105
H. Availability of Crane
Plant hire or self-own
109
Mobile Crane Tower Crane
Height Limit
Mobility
Working space
Set-up /
Dismantle Time
Lifting Capacity
Cost
Operator’s
maneuverability
Material Hoist (Skip Hoist)
Material Hoist
112
113
Materials Hoist
114
Passenger
Lift / Hoist
118
High-Speed
Passenger
Hoists in
IFC2
121
Tower
Working
Platform
123
Jump Lift
124
125
7) Concrete Placement
7.1) Concrete Skip
• Most popular concreting method
• Concrete being discharged into
concrete skip (from concrete lorries)
• Crane to lift the skip up for pouring,
therefore, crane is engaged
• Economical but low productivity,
suitable for small pour (e.g.
column/wall, slab divided into wings)
133
Wheel-barrow concreting
(http://www.metalforms.com/)
134
135
136
Stationary Pump
140
Concrete
Placement
Boom
147
148
Concrete
Pipeline
Mast of
I-beams to
Concrete Distribute
Loading
Placement
Boom Passing
Through Slabs
of Lower Floors
149
8) Formwork Hoist/Lift
• Special lift mounted on the external
wall of the topmost 3 or 4 storeys
• Transport the formwork (e.g. table
form) and falseworks to topmost floor
• Reduce demand on tower crane
• Can install more formwork hoists in
different wings for speedy erection
151
Table Form
154
155
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Benefit%2Fcost-analysis-of-a-robot-based-
construction-Kim-Lee/a16a4a43b63f18c024131233917ddbdab540d0d3
156
9) Construction Automation
• Provisional roof to shelter the site and
make it weather-proof
• e.g. Penta-Ocean : “FACES” and “SEIJU”
systems; Obayashi Corporation : “Super
Construction Factory” and “Big Canopy”
systems
• Roof frame will be lifted hydraulically
• Shuttle crane under roof frame and is
controlled by central computer
157
158
159
160
161
9) Construction Automation
• RFID (radio
frequency
identification)
162
Robotic Welding
164
3D Printing
167
168
Augmented
Reality (AR)
[Google
Glasses/iPad]
170
Use of Drone
171
172
Reduce
fatigue –
ageing
workforce