BSCS I2C

Lecture 2

Yasir Sajjad
4.1 – CONTROL UNIT (CU)

 Control Unit controls the actions of other components in order to

execute instructions in sequence.

 There are two registers in the control unit.

 Instruction register (IR) has instruction that is being executed

 Program counter (PC) has address of the next instruction to be executed.

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ARITHMETIC/LOGIC UNIT -
ALU
 The arithmetic/logic unit is responsible of performing arithmetic and

logic operations on data

 Addition

 Subtraction

 Multiplication

 Division

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Basis Control Unit Arithmetic Logic Unit

To perform arithmetic operations,

It directs the system and executes the instructions
comparison operations, and other
Work entered by the user.  It directs and coordinates
operations. It performs all the tasks to
most of the operations in the computer.
complete all those instructions.

After the completion of the operation, the data

Access gets deleted and it is not accessible.
Data is accessible at any time.

It is responsible to direct the system and execute It is responsible to perform all the tasks to
Relation the instructions. complete the CU instruction.

Loading of data and instructions that exist

Primary Condition Equal-to conditions, Less-than condition, and
in the secondary memory to the main
needed greater than the state.
memory.

Dependency No dependency on ALU. ALU depends on CU for most of the time.

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BITS AND BIT PATTERNS

 Bit: Binary Digit (0 or 1)

 Bit Patterns are used to represent information.

 Numbers

 Text characters

 Images

 Sound

 And others
BOOLEAN OPERATIONS

 Boolean Operation: An operation that manipulates one or more

true/false values

 Specific operations

 AND

 OR

 XOR (exclusive or)

 NOT
THE BOOLEAN OPERATIONS AND, OR,
AND XOR (EXCLUSIVE OR)
 LOGIC GATES
 A device that performs a basic operation on electrical signals, accepting one
or more input signals and producing a single output
 Signal each input and output value is either 0 or 1
 0 for a low-voltage signal
 1 for a high-voltage signal

 Logic gates are used in designing

 Registers
 ALU
 Computer Memory
 Microprocessors

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CIRCUIT
 A combination of interacting gates designed to accomplish a specific
logical function is known as a circuit.

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 FLIP-FLOPS

 Flip-flop: A circuit built from gates that can store one bit.

 One input line is used to set its stored value to 1

 One input line is used to set its stored value to 0

 While both input lines are 0, the most recently stored value is preserved
A SIMPLE FLIP-FLOP CIRCUIT
 SOFTWARE
 Computer instructions or data, anything that can be stored electronically
is Software. For Example. MS Word, MS Excel, Firefox etc.
 System Software: Set of programs that coordinates activities and
functions of the hardware and various other programs
 Application Software: Programs that help users solve particular
computing problems. In most cases, application software resides
on the computer’s hard disk. Application software can also be
stored on CDs, DVDs, and flash or keychain storage devices

Application
Application Systems
Systems
software
software software
software
Users
Hardware
SYSTEM SOFTWARE

 System software is a term referring to any computer software which

manages and controls the hardware so that application software can

perform a task. System Software includes the Operating System and all
the utilities that enable the computer to function.
 Example:

Compiler, Loader, Linker, Interpreter, Operating Systems

SYSTEM SOFTWARE

Operating System (OS):

 Operating System is a system software, which makes a computer to actually

work.

 It is the software the enables all the programs we use.

 The OS organizes and controls the hardware.

 OS acts as an interface between the application programs and the machine

hardware.
 Examples: Windows, Linux, Unix and Mac OS, etc.,
OPERATING SYSTEM– USER
INTERFACE
 User interface
 A function of the operating system that allows individuals to
access and command the computer
 Command-based user interface
 A particular user interface that requires text commands be given to
the computer to perform basic activities
 E.g., Unix, DOS
 Graphical user interface (GUI)
 A user interface that uses pictures (icons) and menus displayed on
the screen to send commands to the computer system
 E.g. Windows, MAC OS
OPERATING SYSTEM
FUNCTIONS
 Perform common computer hardware functions

 Provide a user interface

 Provide a degree of hardware independence

 Manage system memory

 Manage processing tasks

 Provide networking capability

 Control access to system resources

 Manage files
OPERATING SYSTEM
CONCEPTS
 Hardware independence

 Operating system (OS) provides hardware independence for application

software

 Application software interfaces with the operating system which interfaces

with the hardware

 When the hardware is changed, the operating system is changed so that the

application software is not required to be changed

APPLICATION SOFTWARE

 Application Software includes programs that do real work for user.

 Example:

Payroll systems, Inventory Control, Manage student database, Word

Processor, Spreadsheet and Database Management System etc.,

 APPLICATION SOFTWARE
Word Processors:

Word processing is a tool that

helps user in creating,
editing, and printing
documents.
HARDWARE DRIVER
 Driver is a software component that lets the operating system and a
device communicate with each other.