Vector Mechanics For Engineers: Dynamics

Twelfth Edition

Copyright © 2020 McGraw Hill , All Rights Reserved.

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL © 2020 The McGraw Hill Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this PowerPoint slide may be displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form
or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw Hill for
their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this PowerPoint slide, you are using it without permission.
 Chapter 15
Kinematics of Rigid
Bodies
 • Contents
Introduction Absolute and Relative Acceleration in Plane
Translation Motion
Rotation About a Fixed Axis: Velocity Analysis of Plane Motion in Terms of a
Rotation About a Fixed Axis: Acceleration Parameter
Rotation About a Fixed Axis: Sample Problem 15.13
Representative Slab Sample Problem 15.15
Equations Defining the Rotation of a Rigid Sample Problem 15.16
Body About a Fixed Axis Rate of Change With Respect to a Rotating
Sample Problem 15.3 Frame
Analyzing General Plane Motion Plane Motion Relative to a Rotating Frame
Absolute and Relative Velocity in Plane Sample Problem 15.19
Motion Sample Problem 15.20
Sample Problem 15.6 Motion About a Fixed Point
Sample Problem 15.7 General Motion
Instantaneous Center of Rotation Sample Problem 15.21
Sample Problem 15.9 Three Dimensional Motion Relative to a
Sample Problem 15.10 Rotating Frame
Frame of Reference in General Motion
Sample Problem 15.25

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 • Applications 1

The linkage between train wheels is an example of curvilinear

translation – the link stays horizontal as it swings through its
motion.

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. ©Alen penton / Alamy RF

 • Applications 2

How can we determine the velocity of the tip of a turbine

blade?

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. ©Glen Allison / Getty Images RF

 • Applications 3

Planetary gear systems are used to get high reduction ratios

with minimum weight and space. How can we design the
correct gear ratios?

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. ©Plus Pix / Agefotostock

 • Introduction
Kinematics of rigid bodies: relations
between time and the positions,
velocities, and accelerations of the
particles forming a rigid body.
Classification of rigid body motions:
• translation:
• rectilinear translation.
• curvilinear translation.

• rotation about a fixed axis.

• general plane motion.

• motion about a fixed point.

• general motion.

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 • Translation
Consider rigid body in translation:
• direction of any straight line inside the
body is constant,
• all particles forming the body move in
parallel lines.
• For any two particles in the body,
  
rB  rA  rB A
• Differentiating with respect to time,
   
rB  rA  rB A  rA
 
vB  v A
All particles have the same velocity.
• Differentiating with respect to time
again, rB  rA  rB A  rA
 
aB  a A
All particles have the same acceleration.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 • Rotation About a Fixed Axis. Velocity
• Consider rotation of rigid body about a
fixed axis AA’
 
• Velocity vector v  dr dt of the particle P
is tangent to the path with magnitude
v  ds dt

s   BP     r sin   
ds 
v  lim  r sin    r sin 
dt t 0 t

• The same result is obtained

from 
 dr  
v r
dt
  
   k   k  angular velocity


© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 • Concept Quiz 1

What is the direction of the velocity of point A on the turbine

blade?
a) 

b) 

c) 

d) 

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 • Concept Quiz 2

What is the direction of the velocity of point A on the turbine

blade?
a) 

b) 

c) 

d) Answer: 
  
vA    r

v A   kˆ   Liˆ

v A   L ˆj

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 • Rotation About a Fixed Axis.
Acceleration1

• Differentiating to determine the acceleration,


 dv d  
a  r 
dt dt
 
d    dr
 r 
dt dt

d   
 r v
dt

• d     angular acceleration,
dt
  
  k   k   k

• Acceleration of P is combination of two
vectors,
     
a    r     r
 
  r  tangential acceleration component
  
    r  radial acceleration component
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 • Rotation About a Fixed Axis.
Representative Slab
• Consider the motion of a representative slab
in a plane perpendicular to the axis of
rotation.
• Velocity of any point P of the slab,
    
v    r  k  r
v  r
• Acceleration of any point P of the slab,
     
a    r     r
  
  k  r   2r
• Resolving the acceleration into tangential and
normal components,
  
at   k  r a t  r
 
an   2 r an  r 2
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 • Concept Quiz 3

What is the direction of the normal acceleration of point A on

the turbine blade?
a) 

b) 

c) 

d) 

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 • Concept Quiz 4

What is the direction of the normal acceleration of point A on

the turbine blade?
a) Answer: 
b) 

c) 

d)   2
an   r

an   2 ( Liˆ)
 2ˆ
an  L i

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 • Equations Defining the Rotation of a
Rigid Body About a Fixed Axis
• Motion of a rigid body rotating around a
fixed axis is often specified by the type of
angular acceleration.
d d
• Recall   or dt 
dt 
d d 2 d
  2 
dt dt d
• Uniform Rotation, a = 0:
  0   t
• Uniformly Accelerated Rotation, a =
constant:
  0   t
   0  0t  12  t 2
 2  02  2     0 
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 • Sample Problem 15.3
Cable C has a constant acceleration of
225 mm/s2 and an initial velocity of
300 mm/s, both directed to the right.
Determine (a) the number of revolutions
of the pulley in 2 s, (b) the velocity and
change in position of the load B after 2 s,
and (c) the acceleration of the point D on
the rim of the inner pulley at t = 0.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
1
Strategy:
• Due to the action of the cable, the
tangential velocity and acceleration of
D are equal to the velocity and
acceleration of C. Calculate the initial
angular velocity and acceleration.
• Apply the relations for uniformly
accelerated rotation to determine the
velocity and angular position of the
pulley after 2 s.
• Evaluate the initial tangential and
normal acceleration components of D.
 • Sample Problem 15.3 2

Modeling and Analysis:

• The tangential velocity and acceleration of D are equal to the
velocity and acceleration of C.

• Apply the relations for uniformly accelerated rotation to

determine velocity and angular position of pulley after 2 s.

 
   0t  12 t 2   4 rad s  2 s   12 3 rad s 2  2 s  2
 14 rad
 1 rev 
N  14 rad     number of revs N  2.23 rev
 2 rad 

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 • Sample Problem 15.3 3

• Evaluate the initial tangential and normal acceleration

components of D.

Magnitude and direction of the total acceleration,

aD = ( aD ) t2 + ( aD ) n2
2 2
= ( 225) + ( 1200) = 1221 mm s 2
aD = 1.221 m s 2

  79.4

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 • Sample Problem 15.3 4

Reflect and Think:

• A double pulley acts similarly to a system of
gears; for every 75 mm that point C moves to
the right, point B moves 125 mm upward.
This is also similar to the rear tire of your
bicycle. As you apply tension to the chain,
the rear sprocket rotates a small amount,
causing the rear wheel to rotate through a
much larger angle.

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 • Example – General Plane Motion
Planetary gear systems are used in applications requiring a large
reduction ratio and a high torque-to-weight ratio. The small gears
undergo general plane motion: the center of the gear is translating
while the gear rotates about its center.

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. ©Plus Pix / Agefotostock

 • Analyzing General Plane Motion

General plane motion is neither a

translation nor a rotation.
General plane motion can be
considered as the sum of a
translation and rotation.
Displacement of particles A and B to
A2 and B2 can be divided into two
parts:
• translation to A2 and B1.
• rotation of B1 about A2 to B2.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 • Absolute and Relative Velocity in Plane
Motion 1

• Any plane motion can be replaced by a translation of an

arbitrary reference point A and a simultaneous rotation
about A.
  
vB  v A  v B A
  
vB A   k  rB A vB A  r 
   
vB  v A   k  rB A

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 • Absolute and Relative Velocity in Plane
Motion 2

• Assuming that the velocity vA of end A is known, wish to determine the

velocity vB of end B and the angular velocity w in terms of vA, l, and q .
• The direction of vB and vB/A are known. Complete the velocity diagram.
vB vA v
 tan   A  cos 
vA vB A l
vB  v A tan  vA

l cos 
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 • Absolute and Relative Velocity in Plane
Motion 3

• Selecting point B as the reference point and solving for the velocity vA of
end A and the angular velocity w leads to an equivalent velocity triangle.
• vA/B has the same magnitude but opposite sense of vB/A. The sense of the
relative velocity is dependent on the choice of reference point.
• Angular velocity w of the rod in its rotation about B is the same as its
rotation about A. Angular velocity is not dependent on the choice of
reference point.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 • Absolute and Relative Velocity in Plane
Motion 4

• Assuming that the velocity vA of end A is known, wish to determine the

velocity vB of end B and the angular velocity w in terms of vA, l, and q.
• The direction of vB and vB/A are known. Complete the velocity diagram.
vB vA v
 tan   A  cos 
vA vB A l
vB  v A tan  vA

l cos 
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 • Absolute and Relative Velocity in Plane
Motion 5

• Selecting point B as the reference point and solving for the velocity vA of
end A and the angular velocity w leads to an equivalent velocity triangle.
• vA/B has the same magnitude but opposite sense of vB/A. The sense of the
relative velocity is dependent on the choice of reference point.
• Angular velocity w of the rod in its rotation about B is the same as its
rotation about A. Angular velocity is not dependent on the choice of
reference point.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 • Sample Problem 15.6 1

Strategy:
• The displacement of the gear
center in one revolution is equal
to the outer circumference.
Relate the translational and
angular displacements.
Differentiate to relate the
translational and angular
velocities.
The double gear rolls on the stationary
• The velocity for any point P on
lower rack: the velocity of its center is
the gear may be written as
1.2 m/s.  
   
vP  v A  vP A  v A   k  rP A
Determine (a) the angular velocity of
the gear, and (b) the velocities of the Evaluate the velocities of points
upper rack R and point D of the gear. B and D.

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 • Sample Problem 15.6 2

Modeling and Analysis

• The displacement of the gear center in one
revolution is equal to the outer circumference.
For xA > 0 (moves to right), w < 0 (rotates
clockwise).
xA 
 x A   r1
2 r 2
Differentiate to relate the translational and
angular velocities.
v A  r1
vA 1.2 m s   
     k    8 rad s  k
r1 0.150 m

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 • Sample Problem 15.6 3

     
• For any point P on the gear, vP  v A  vP A  v A   k  rP A

Velocity of the upper rack is equal to Velocity of the point D:

velocity of point B:    
vD  v A   k  rD A
    
  
vR  vB  v A   k  rB A   1.2 m s  i   8 rad s  k   0.150 m  i
  
  1.2 m s  i   8 rad s  k   0.10 m  j   
  vD   1.2 m s  i   1.2 m s  j
  1.2 m s  i   0.8 m s  i
vD  1.697 m s
 
vR   2 m s  i

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 • Sample Problem 15.6 4

Reflect and Think:

• Note that point A was free to
translate, and Point C, since it is in
contact with the fixed lower rack,
has a velocity of zero. Every point
along diameter CAB has a velocity
vector directed to the right and the
magnitude of the velocity increases
linearly as the distance from point C
increases.

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 • Sample Problem 15.7
The crank AB has a constant
clockwise angular velocity of 2000
rpm.
For the crank position indicated,
determine (a) the angular velocity of
the connecting rod BD, and (b) the
velocity of the piston P.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
1
Strategy:
• Will determine the absolute velocity of
point D with
  
vD  vB  vD B
• The velocity vB is obtained from the
given crank rotation data.
• The directions of the absolute velocity vD

and the relative velocity v D B are
determined from the problem geometry.
• The unknowns in the vector expression
are the velocity magnitudes v D and v D B
which may be determined from the
corresponding vector triangle.
• The angular velocity of the connecting
rod is calculated from v D B .
 • Sample Problem 15.7 2

Modeling and Analysis:

• Will determine the absolute velocity of point D with,
  
v D  v B  vD B

• The velocity vB is obtained from the crank rotation
data.
 rev   min   2 rad 
 AB   2000     209.4 rad s
 min   60s   rev 
vB   AB   AB   75 mm   209.4 rad s   15, 705 mm/s
The velocity direction is as shown.

• The direction of the absolute vD is

velocity v
horizontal. The direction of the relative velocity D / B
is perpendicular to BD. Compute the angle between
the horizontal and the connecting rod from the law of
sines,
sin 40 sin 
   13.95
200 mm 75 mm
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 • Sample Problem 15.7 3

• Determine the velocity magnitudes vD and vD B

from the vector triangle.
vD vD B 15,705mm s
= =
sin 53.95° sin 50° sin76.05°
vD = 13,083mm s = 13.08m s vP = vD = 13.08m s
vD B = 12, 400 mm s = 12.4 m s
  
vD  v B  v D B

 
 BD   62.0 rad s  k

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 • Sample Problem 15.7 4

Reflect and Think:

Note that as the crank continues to move
clockwise below the center line, the piston
changes direction and starts to move to the
left.

Can you see what happens to the motion

of the connecting rod at that point?

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 • Concept Quiz 5

In the position shown, bar AB has

an angular velocity of 10 rad/s
clockwise.
Which of the following is true?

a) The direction of vB is ↓

b) The direction of vD is →
c) Both a) and b) are correct

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 • Concept Quiz 6

In the position shown, bar AB has

an angular velocity of 10 rad/s
clockwise.
Which of the following is true?

a) Answer: The direction of vB is ↓

b) The direction of vD is →
c) Both a) and b) are correct

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 • Group Problem Solving 1

Strategy:
• The displacement of the gear center
in one revolution is equal to the
outer circumference. Relate the
translational and angular
displacements. Differentiate to
relate the translational and angular
velocities.
• The velocity for any point P on the
gear may be written as
     
vP  v A  vP A  v A   k  rP A
In the position shown, bar AB has an
angular velocity of 10 rad/s Evaluate the velocities of points
counterclockwise. Determine the B and D.
angular velocity of bars BD and DE.

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 • Group Problem Solving 2

Modeling and Analysis:

Determine the angular velocity of bars
BD and DE.
How should you proceed?
Determine vB with respect to A, then work
your way along the linkage to point E.
Write vB in terms of point A, calculate vB.

vB  v A   AB  rB /A
 AB  10CCW  10 rad / s

r _  B / A  175 i    v _ B   _ AB  r _  B / A   10 k  (175)i

mm
vB  1750 j
s
Does it make sense that vB is in the +j direction?
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 • Group Problem Solving 3

Determine vD with respect to B.


  BD  BD k   rB / D  200 j
vD  vB  BD  rB / D  1750 j  BD  k   200  j
vD  1750 j  200 BD  i
Determine vD with respect to E, then equate it
to equation above.

  DE  DE k   rD / E  275 i + 75 j
vD  DE  rD / E  DE k   275 i + 75 j 
vD  75 DE  i  275 BD  j
Equating components of the two expressions for vD
j :  1750  275 DE   DE  6.36 rad / s
i :    200 DE  75  DE BD  2.39 rad / s

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 • Instantaneous Center of Rotation 1

• Plane motion of all particles in a slab can

always be replaced by the translation of an
arbitrary point A and a rotation about A with
an angular velocity that is independent of the
choice of A.
• The same translational and rotational
velocities at A are obtained by allowing the
slab to rotate with the same angular velocity
about the point C on a perpendicular to the
velocity at A.
• The velocity of all other particles in the slab
are the same as originally defined since the
angular velocity and translational velocity at
A are equivalent.
• As far as the velocities are concerned, the slab
seems to rotate about the instantaneous center
of rotation C.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 • Instantaneous Center of Rotation 2

• If the velocity at two points A and B are known,

the instantaneous center of rotation lies at the
intersection of the perpendiculars to the velocity
vectors through A and B .

• If the velocity vectors are parallel, the

instantaneous center of rotation is at infinity and
the angular velocity is zero.
• If the velocity vectors at A and B are
perpendicular to the line AB, the instantaneous
center of rotation lies at the intersection of the
line AB with the line joining the extremities of
the velocity vectors at A and B.
• If the velocity magnitudes are equal, the
instantaneous center of rotation is at infinity and
the angular velocity is zero.

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 • Instantaneous Center of Rotation 3

• The instantaneous center of rotation lies at the

intersection of the perpendiculars to the velocity
vectors through A and B.
vA
vA vA v B   BC    l sin 
  l cos
AC l cos  v A tan 
• The velocities of all particles on the rod are as if they
were rotated about C.
• The particle at the center of rotation has zero velocity.
• The particle coinciding with the center of rotation
changes with time and the acceleration of the particle
at the instantaneous center of rotation is not zero.
• The acceleration of the particles in the slab cannot be
determined as if the slab were simply rotating about C.
• The trace of the locus of the center of rotation on the
body is the body centrode and in space is the space
centrode.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 • Instantaneous Center of Rotation 4

At the instant shown, what is

the approximate direction of the
velocity of point G, the center of
bar AB?
a) 
b) Z
c) ]

d) 

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 • Instantaneous Center of Rotation 5

At the instant shown, what is

the approximate direction of the
velocity of point G, the center of
bar AB?
a) 
b) Z
c) Answer: ]

d) 

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 • Sample Problem 15.9
The double gear rolls on the stationary
lower rack: the velocity of its center is
1.2 m/s.
Determine (a) the angular velocity of
the gear, and (b) the velocities of the
upper rack R and point D of the gear.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
1
Strategy:
• The point C is in contact with the
stationary lower rack and,
instantaneously, has zero velocity.
It must be the location of the
instantaneous center of rotation.
• Determine the angular velocity
about C based on the given
velocity at A.
• Evaluate the velocities at B and D
based on their rotation about C.
 • Sample Problem 15.9 2

Modeling and Analysis:

• The point C is in contact with the stationary lower
rack and, instantaneously, has zero velocity. It must
be the location of the instantaneous center of
rotation.
• Determine the angular velocity about C based on the
given velocity at A.
v 1.2 m s
v A  rA  A  8 rad s
rA 0.15 m
• Evaluate the velocities at B and D based on their
rotation about C.
Reflect and Think: 
vR  vB  rB   0.25 m  8 rad s 

 
vR  2 m s i
The results are the same as in
rD   0.15 m  2  0.2121 m
Sample Prob. 15.6, as you
would expect, but it took vD  rD   0.2121 m  8 rad s 
much less computation to get vD  1.697 m s
them  
vD  1.2i  1.2 j   m s 

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 • Sample Problem 15.10
The crank AB has a constant
clockwise angular velocity of 2000
rpm.
For the crank position indicated,
determine (a) the angular velocity of
the connecting rod BD, and (b) the
velocity of the piston P.
Use method of instantaneous center of
rotation
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
1
Strategy:
• Determine the velocity at B from the
given crank rotation data.
• The direction of the velocity vectors at B
and D are known. The instantaneous
center of rotation is at the intersection of
the perpendiculars to the velocities
through B and D.
• Determine the angular velocity about
the center of rotation based on the
velocity at B.
• Calculate the velocity at D based on its
rotation about the instantaneous center
of rotation.
 • Sample Problem 15.10 2

Modeling and Analysis:

• From Sample Problem 15.3,

• The instantaneous center of rotation is at the intersection

of the perpendiculars to the velocities through B and D.
• Determine the angular velocity about the center of
rotation based on the velocity at B.
 B  40    53.95
 D  90    76.05
 BD  62.0 rad s
BC CD 200 mm
= =
sin 76.05° sin 53.95° sin50°
• Calculate the velocity at D based on its rotation about
the instantaneous center of rotation.
BC = 253.4 mm CD = 211.1 mm

vP = vD = 13,080 mm s = 13.08m s

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 • Instantaneous Center of Zero Velocity

Reflect and Think:

What happens to the location of the instantaneous center of
velocity if the crankshaft angular velocity increases from
2000 rpm in the previous problem to 3000 rpm?

What happens to the location of the instantaneous center of

velocity if the angle b is 0?
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 • Absolute and Relative Acceleration in
Plane Motion 1

If the central gear speeds up, a point on one of the linkages

will undergo acceleration because of the linear motion of the
linkage, the angular acceleration of the point attached to the
central gear, and the normal acceleration of the point
attached to the central gear.

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. ©Lawrence manning / Corbis RF

 • Absolute and Relative Acceleration in
Plane Motion 2

• Absolute acceleration of a particle of the slab,

  
aB  a A  aB A

• Relative acceleration a B A associated with rotation about A includes
tangential and normal components.

 a B A  t   k  rB A  a B A  t  r
  

 aB A    2 rB A  a B A  n  r 2
n
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 • Absolute and Relative Acceleration in
Plane Motion 3

 
• Given a A and v A ,
 
determine a B and  .
  
aB  a A  aB A
 a A   aB A    aB 
  
n A t

• Vector result depends on sense of aA

and the relative magnitudes of a A and  a B 
A n

• Must also know angular velocity w.

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 • Absolute and Relative Acceleration in
Plane Motion 4

  
• Write a B  a A  a B A in terms of the two component equations,
 2
 x components: 0  a A  l sin  l cos

 y components:  a B  l 2 cos  l sin

• Solve for aB and a.

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 • Analysis of Plane Motion in Terms of a
Parameter
• In some cases, it is advantageous to determine
the absolute velocity and acceleration of a
mechanism directly.
x A  l sin y B  l cos

v A  x A v B  y B
 l cos  l sin
 l cos  l sin

a A  x A a B  y B
 l 2 sin  l cos  l 2 cos  l sin
 l 2 sin  l cos  l 2 cos  l sin

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 • Concept Question 1

You have made it to the kickball championship game. As you

try to kick home the winning run, your mind naturally drifts
towards dynamics. Which of your following thoughts is
TRUE, and causes you to shank the ball horribly straight to
the pitcher?

A) Energy will not be conserved when I kick this ball

B) In general, the linear acceleration of my knee is equal to
the linear acceleration of my foot
C) Throughout the kick, my foot will only have tangential
acceleration.
D) In general, the angular velocity of the upper leg (thigh)
will be the same as the angular velocity of the lower leg

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 • Concept Question 2

You have made it to the kickball championship game. As you

try to kick home the winning run, your mind naturally drifts
towards dynamics. Which of your following thoughts is
TRUE, and causes you to shank the ball horribly straight to
the pitcher?

A) Answer: Energy will not be conserved when I kick this ball

B) In general, the linear acceleration of my knee is equal to
the linear acceleration of my foot
C) Throughout the kick, my foot will only have tangential
acceleration.
D) In general, the angular velocity of the upper leg (thigh)
will be the same as the angular velocity of the lower leg

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 • Sample Problem 15.13 1

Strategy:
• The expression of the gear position as a
function of q is differentiated twice to
define the relationship between the
translational and angular accelerations.
• The acceleration of each point on the
gear is obtained by adding the
The center of the double gear has
acceleration of the gear center and the
a velocity and acceleration to the
relative accelerations with respect to the
right of 1.2 m/s and 3 m/s 2 ,
center. The latter includes normal and
respectively. The lower rack is
tangential acceleration components.
stationary.

Determine (a) the angular

acceleration of the gear, and (b)
the acceleration of points B, C,
and D.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 • Sample Problem 15.13 2

Modeling and Analysis:

• The expression of the gear position as a
function of q is differentiated twice to define
the relationship between the translational and
angular accelerations.

x A  r1
v A  r1  r1

vA 1.2 m s
    8 rad s
r1 0.150 m

a A   r1  r1

aA 3 m s2
  
r1 0.150 m

 
 2

   k   20 rad s k


© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 • Sample Problem 15.13 3

• The acceleration of each point

is obtained by adding the
acceleration of the gear center
and the relative accelerations
with respect to the center.
The latter includes normal and
tangential acceleration
components.

   
 
 

aB  a A  a B A  a A  a B A  aB A
t n

   
 a A   k  rB A   2 rB A
  
2 
   
 3 m s i  20 rad s k   0.100 m  j   8 rad s    0.100 m  j
2 2

  
2  2 
 
 3 m s i  2 m s i  6.40 m s j 2 


 
  
aB  5 m s 2 i  6.40 m s 2 j  aB  8.12 m s 2

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 • Sample Problem 15.13 4

      2
aC  a A  aC A  a A   k  rC A   rC A

  
2 

  
 3 m s i  20 rad s k    0.150 m  j   8 rad s  2   0.150 m  j
2

  
 
 
 3 m s 2 i  3 m s 2 i  9.60 m s 2 j




ac  9.60 m s j 2 

      
aD  a A  aD A  a A   k  rD A   2 rD A
  
2 

  
 3 m s i  20 rad s k    0.150 m  i   8 rad s  2   0.150m  i
2

  
 
 
 3 m s 2 i  3 m s 2 j  9.60 m s 2 i



 2 
aD  12.6 m s i  3 m s j  
2 

aD  12.95 m s 2
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 • Sample Problem 15.13 5

Reflect and Think:

• It is interesting to note that
the x-component of
acceleration for point C is
zero since it is in direct
contact with the fixed lower
rack. It does, however, have a
normal acceleration pointed
upward. This is also true for a
wheel rolling without slip.

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 • Sample Problem 15.15
Crank AG of the engine system has a
constant clockwise angular velocity of
2000 rpm.
For the crank position shown,
determine the angular acceleration of
the connecting rod BD and the
acceleration of point D.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
1
Strategy:
• The angular acceleration of the
connecting rod BD and the acceleration
of point D will be determined from
   

t 
aD  aB  aD B  aB  aD B  aD B

n
• The acceleration of B is determined
from the given rotation speed of AB.
• The directions of the accelerations
 
 t 
a D , a D B , and a D B n are
determined from the geometry.
• Component equations for acceleration
of point D are solved simultaneously
for acceleration of D and angular
acceleration of the connecting rod.
 • Sample Problem 15.15 2

Modeling and Analysis:

• The angular acceleration of the connecting rod BD and
the acceleration of point D will be determined from
   
 
t 
aD  aB  aD B  aB  aD B  aD B

n
• The acceleration of B is determined from the given rotation
speed of AB.

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 • Sample Problem 15.15 3


• The directions of the accelerations aD , aD 
B t , and  
a D B n
are determined
 from the geometry.

aD  aD i

From Sample Problem 15.3, wBD = 62.0 rad/s, b = 13.95o.

The direction of (aD/B)t is known but the sense is not known,

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 • Sample Problem 15.15 4

• Component equations for acceleration of point D are solved

simultaneously.
    
 t 

aD  aB  aD B  aB  aD B  aD B n
x components:

y components:

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 • Sample Problem 15.15 5

 Reflect and Think:

• In this solution, you looked at the
magnitude and direction of each term
( and ) and then found the x and y
components.
• Alternatively, you could have assumed
that was to the left, was positive, and
then substituted in the vector quantities
to get:

• These produce These identical

expressions for the i and j components
compared to the previous equations if
you substitute in the numbers.

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 • Sample Problem 15.16 1

Strategy:
• The angular velocities are determined
by simultaneously solving the
component equations for
  
vD  vB  vD B

• The angular accelerations are determined

by simultaneously solving the
In the position shown, crank AB has a
component equations for
constant angular velocity w1 = 20 rad/s
  
counterclockwise. aD  aB  aD B
Determine the angular velocities and
angular accelerations of the connecting
rod BD and crank DE.

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 • Sample Problem 15.16 2

Modeling and Analysis:

• The angular velocities are determined by simultaneously
solving the component equations for
  
vD  v B  v D B

x components:
y components:
   
 BD   29.33 rad s  k  DE  11 .29 rad s  k
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 • Sample Problem 15.16 3

• The angular accelerations are determined by

simultaneously solving the component equations for
  
aD  aB  aD B

x components:
y components:

 2
 BD   645 rad s k
 
 2

 DE  809 rad s k


© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 • Concept Quiz 7

Knowing that at the instant shown

bar AB has a constant angular
velocity of 10 rad/s clockwise,
determine the angular
acceleration of bars BD and DE.

Which of the following is true?

a) The direction of aD is Z
b) The angular acceleration of BD must also be constant
c) The direction of the linear acceleration of B is 

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 • Concept Quiz 8

Knowing that at the instant shown

bar AB has a constant angular
velocity of 10 rad/s clockwise,
determine the angular
acceleration of bars BD and DE.

Which of the following is true?

a) The direction of aD is Z
b) The angular acceleration of BD must also be constant
c) Answer: The direction of the linear acceleration of B is 

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 • Group Problem Solving 4

Strategy:
• The angular velocities were
determined in a previous problem
by simultaneously solving the
component equations for,
  
vD  vB  vD B
• The angular accelerations are now
determined by simultaneously
solving the component equations
for the relative acceleration
equation.
Knowing that at the instant shown
bar AB has a constant angular
velocity of 4 rad/s clockwise,
determine the angular acceleration of
bars BD and DE.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 • Group Problem Solving 5

Modeling and Analysis:

From our previous problem, we used the relative
velocity equations to find that:
DE  6.36 rad / s DE  2.39 rad / s

We can now apply the relative acceleration

equation with  AB  0

a B  aA AB rB /A   AB rB /A

2
Analyze Bar AB

a B   AB 2 rB / A  (10) 2 (175i)  (17500 mm / s 2 )i

Analyze Bar BD
a D  a B  α BD  rD / B   BD rD / B
a D  17, 500i + α BD k  (  200j)  (2.3864) 2 (200 j)
a D  (17, 500  200α BD )i  1138.95j

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 • Group Problem Solving 6

Analyze Bar DE
aD   DE  rD / E  DE
2
rD / E
aD   DE k   275i  75 j   6.3636   275i  75 j
2

aD  275 DE j  75 DE i  11136i  3037 j

aD  (75 DE  11136)i  (275 DE  3037.2)j

From previous page, we had: aD  (17,500  200 DE )i  1138.95j

Equate like components of aD

j:11138.95  (275 DE  3037.2)

 DE  15.186 rad/s 2
i: (17,500  200 DE ) =  (75)(15.186)  11136  BD  26.12 rad/s 2

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 • Concept Question 3

If the clockwise angular velocity of crankshaft AB is constant,

which of the following statement is true?
a) The angular velocity of BD is constant
b) The linear acceleration of point B is zero
c) The angular velocity of BD is counterclockwise
d) The linear acceleration of point B is tangent to the path
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 • Concept Question 4

If the clockwise angular velocity of crankshaft AB is constant,

which of the following statement is true?
a) The angular velocity of BD is constant
b) The linear acceleration of point B is zero
c) Answer: The angular velocity of BD is counterclockwise
d) The linear acceleration of point B is tangent to the path
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 • Applications 4

Rotating coordinate systems are often used to analyze mechanisms (such

as amusement park rides) as well as weather patterns.

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. ©Stock trek/ Getty Images RF

 • Rate of Change With Respect to a
Rotating Frame
• With respect to the rotating Oxyz frame,
   
Q  Qx i  Q y j  Qz k

 




 
Q Oxyz  Qx i  Q y j  Qz k


• With respect to the fixed OXYZ frame,

 






   
Q OXYZ  Qx i  Q y j  Qz k  Q x i  Q y j  Qz k
   
 
• Qx i  Q y j  Qz k  Q Oxyz  rate of
  
change with respect to rotating frame.
• Frame OXYZ is fixed.
• If Q were fixed within Oxyz then OXYZ

 
Q
• Frame Oxyz rotates about
is equivalent to velocity of a point in a
fixed axis OA with
rigid body attached to Oxyz and
angular velocity.     
 Qx i  Q y j  Q z k    Q
• Vector function Q t 
varies in direction and • With respect to the fixed OXYZ frame,
magnitude. Q  OXYZ  
  
 Q Oxyz    Q
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 • Plane Motion Relative to a Rotating
Frame 1

• Frame OXY is fixed and frame Oxy rotates with


angular velocity  .

• Position vector rP for the particle P is the same in
both frames but the rate of change depends on the
choice of frame.
• The absolute velocity of the particle P is,
 
v P   r  OXY    r   r  Oxy
 

• Imagine a rigid slab attached to the rotating frame

Oxy or F for short. Let P′ be a point on the slab
which corresponds instantaneously to position of
particle P.
v P F   r  Oxy  velocity of P along its path on the slab
 

v P '  absolute velocity of point P′ on the slab
• Absolute velocity for the particle P may be written
  
v  v
as P P P F v
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 • Plane Motion Relative to a Rotating
Frame 2

• Absolute acceleration for the particle P is,

     d 

a P    r     r  OXY   r  Oxy
dt


but,  r     r   r 
OXY
 
Oxy
d 
dt
   
 r  Oxy   r  Oxy     r  Oxy


 
 r       r   2   r  Oxy   r  Oxy
       
v P    r   r  Oxy 
aP  

 
 v P  v P F • Utilizing the conceptual point P’ on the slab,
a P    r       r 
     

a P F   r  Oxy
 

• Absolute acceleration for the particle P

 
a P  a P  a P F  2   r  Oxy
becomes,
  
  
 a P   a P F  ac
   
ac  2   r  Oxy  2  v P F 

Coriolis acceleration
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 • Plane Motion Relative to a Rotating
Frame 3

• Consider a collar P which is made to slide at

constant relative velocity u along rod OB. The
rod is rotating at a constant angular velocity
ω. The point A on the rod corresponds to the
instantaneous position of P.
• Absolute acceleration of the collar is,
   
a P  a A  a P F  ac
where
aA    r      r 
     
a A  r 2
a P F   r  Oxy  0
 

  
ac  2  v P F ac  2u
• The absolute acceleration consists of the radial
and tangential vectors shown.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 • Plane Motion Relative to a Rotating
Frame 4

• Change in velocity over Dt is represented by the

sum of three vectors

v  RR   TT   T T 
• TT  is due to change in direction of the velocity
of point A on the rod,
TT  
lim  lim v A  r  r 2  a A
t 0 t t 0 t
  
v  vA  u
Recall, a A    r       r 
at t ,      
   a A  r 2
at t  t , v   v A  u 
• RR  and T T  result from combined effects of
relative motion of P and rotation of the rod
 RR  T T    r 
lim     lim  u  
t 0 t t  t 0 t t 
 u  u  2u
  
recall, a c  2  v P F ac  2u
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 • Concept Question 5

You are walking with a constant

velocity with respect to the platform,
which rotates with a constant angular
velocity w. At the instant shown, in
which direction(s) will you experience
an acceleration (choose all that
apply)?
a) +x

b) −x

c) +y

d) −y
e) Acceleration = 0
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 • Concept Question 6

You are walking with a constant

velocity with respect to the platform,
which rotates with a constant angular
velocity w. At the instant shown, in
which direction(s) will you experience
an acceleration (choose all that
apply)?
a) +x

b) −x

c) +y

d) −y
e) Acceleration = 0
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 • Sample Problem 15.19 1

Strategy:
• The absolute velocity of the point P
may be written as
  
v P  v P  v P s
• Magnitude and direction of velocity

v P of pin P are calculated from the
radius and angular velocity of disk D.

Disk D of the Geneva mechanism • Direction of velocity v P of point P’ on
rotates with constant S coinciding with P is perpendicular to
counterclockwise angular radius OP.
velocity wD = 10 rad/s. 
v
• Direction of velocity P s of P with
respect to S is parallel to the slot.
At the instant when f = 150o,
determine (a) the angular velocity • Solve the vector triangle for the angular
of disk S, and (b) the velocity of velocity of S and relative velocity of P.
pin P relative to disk S.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 • Sample Problem 15.19 2

Modeling and Analysis:

• The absolute velocity of the point P may be written as,
  
v P  v P   vP s

• Magnitude and direction of absolute velocity of pin P are

calculated from radius and angular velocity of disk D.
vP  R D   50 mm 10 rad s   500 mm s

• Direction of velocity of P with respect to S is parallel to slot.

From the law of cosines,
r 2  R 2  l 2  2 Rl cos 30  0.551R 2 r  37.1 mm
From the law of cosines,
sin sin 30 sin 30
 sin     42.4
R r 0.742
The interior angle of the vector triangle is

  90  42.4  30  17.6

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 • Sample Problem 15.19 3

• Direction of velocity of point P’ on S coinciding

with P is perpendicular to radius OP. From the
velocity triangle,
vP  vP sin    500 mm s  sin 17.6  151.2 mm s
151.2 mm s
 r s s 
37.1 mm
 
 s    4.08 rad s  k
vP s  vP cos    500 m s  cos17.6
 
vP s   477 m s    cos 42.4i  sin 42.4 j 


Reflect and Think:

The result of the Geneva mechanism is that disk S
rotates ¼ turn each time pin P engages, then it remains
motionless while pin P rotates around before entering
the next slot. Disk D rotates continuously, but disk S
rotates intermittently. An alternative approach to
drawing the vector triangle is to use vector algebra.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 • Sample Problem 15.19
In the Geneva mechanism,
disk D rotates with a
constant counter-clockwise
angular velocity of 10 rad/s.
At the instant when j =
150o, determine angular
acceleration of disk S.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
4
Strategy:
• The absolute acceleration of the pin P may
be expressed as,
   
a P  a P  a P s  ac
• The instantaneous angular velocity of Disk
S is determined as in Sample Problem 15.9.
• The only unknown involved in the
acceleration equation is the instantaneous
angular acceleration of Disk S.
• The only unknown involved in the
acceleration equation is the instantaneous
angular acceleration of Disk S.
• Resolve each acceleration term into the
component parallel to the slot. Solve for the
angular acceleration of Disk S.
 • Sample Problem 15.19 5

Modeling and Analysis:

• The absolute acceleration of the pin P may be expressed as
   
aP  aP  aP s  ac
• From Sample Problem 15.9.
 
  42.4  S    4.08 rad s  k
 
vP s   477 mm s    cos 42.4i  sin 42.4 j 


• Considering each term in the acceleration equation,

2
a P  R D   500mm10 rad s  2  5000 mm s 2
   
aP  5000 mm s 2  cos 30i  sin 30 j 


  
aP   aP  n   aP  t
  
 aP  n  r S2   cos 42.4i  sin 42.4 j 

 
 aP  t   r S    sin 42.4i  cos 42.4 j 
 
 aP  t   S  37.1mm   sin 42.4i  cos 42.4 j 


note: a S may be positive or negative

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 • Sample Problem 15.19 6

• The direction of the Coriolis acceleration is

obtained by rotating the direction of the relative

velocity vP s by 90o in the sense of wS.
ac   2 S vP s   sin 42.4i  cos 42.4 j 
  
 
 2 4.08 rad s  477 mm s    sin 42.4i  cos 42.4 j 
  
 3890 mm s 2   sin 42.4i  cos 42.4 j 


• The relative acceleration aP s must be parallel to

the slot.

• Equating components of the acceleration terms

perpendicular to the slot,
37.1 S  3890  5000 cos17.7  0
 S  233 rad s
 
 S    233 rad s  k

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 • Sample Problem 15.20

Reflect and Think:

• It seems reasonable that, since disk S
starts and stops over the very short
time intervals when pin P is engaged
in the slots, the disk must have a
very large angular acceleration. An
alternative approach would have
been to use the vector algebra
approach.

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 • Motion About a Fixed Point
• The most general displacement of a rigid body with a
fixed point O is equivalent to a rotation of the body
about an axis through O.
• With the instantaneous axis of rotation and angular

velocity  , the velocity of a particle P of the body is

 dr  
v  r
dt
and the acceleration of the particle P is

       d
a    r      r   .
dt

• The angular acceleration  represents the velocity of

the tip of  .

• As the vector  moves within the body and in space,
it generates a body cone and space cone which are
tangent along the instantaneous axis of rotation.
• Angular velocities have magnitude and direction and
obey parallelogram law of addition. They are vectors.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 • General Motion
• For particles A and B of a rigid body,
  
vB  v A  vB A

• Particle A is fixed within the body and

motion of the body relative to AX′Y′Z′ is the
motion of a body with a fixed point
   
v B  v A    rB A

• Similarly, the acceleration of the particle P is

  
aB  a A  aB A
 a A    rB A      rB A 
     

Most general motion of a rigid body is equivalent to:

• a translation in which all particles have the same velocity and
acceleration of a reference particle A, and
• of a motion in which particle A is assumed fixed.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 • Concept Question 7

The figure depicts a model of a

caster wheel. If both ω1 and ω2
are constant, what is true about
the angular acceleration of the
wheel?

a) It is zero.

b) It is in the +x direction

c) It is in the +z direction
d) It is in the −x direction
e) It is in the −z direction

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 • Concept Question 8

The figure depicts a model of a

caster wheel. If both ω1 and ω2
are constant, what is true about
the angular acceleration of the
wheel?

a) It is zero.

b) Answer: It is in the +x direction

c) It is in the +z direction
d) It is in the −x direction
e) It is in the −z direction

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 • Sample Problem 15.21 1

Strategy:
   
With 1  0.30 j  2  0.50k
 
r  12 cos 30i  sin 30 j 

 
 10.39i  6 j
• Angular velocity of the boom,
  
  1   2
The crane rotates with a constant
angular velocity ω1 = 0.30 rad/s and the • Angular acceleration of the
 
  1   2   2   2  Oxyz     2
boom is being raised with a constant boom,
   
angular velocity ω2 = 0.50 rad/s. The  
length of the boom is l = 12 m.   1 2
Determine: • Velocity of boom tip,
• angular velocity of the boom,   
v  r
• angular acceleration of the boom,
• Acceleration of boom tip,
• velocity of the boom tip, and
         
• acceleration of the boom tip. a    r      r     r    v
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 • Sample Problem 15.21 2

Modeling and Analysis:

• Angular velocity of the boom,
  
  1   2
  
   0.30 rad s  j   0.50 rad s  k

• Angular acceleration of the boom,

 
  1   2   2   2  Oxyz     2
    
   
 1   2   0.30 rad s  j   0.50 rad s  k

 
  0.15 rad s 2 i 
• Velocity of boom tip,
  
i j k
  
v  r  0 0.3 0.5
10.39 6 0
   
1  0.30 j  2  0.50k    
   v   3.54 m s  i   5.20 m s  j   3.12 m s  k
r  10.39i  6 j
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 • Sample Problem 15.21 3

• Acceleration of boom tip,

         
a    r      r     r    v
     
i j k i j k

a  0.15 0 0 0 0.30 0.50
10.39 6 0 3 5.20  3.12
    
 0.90k  0.94i  2.60i  1.50 j  0.90k
  
a    3.54m s2  i   1.50m s2  j   1.80m s 2  k


Reflect and Think:

• The base of the cab acts as the fixed point of
the motion. Even though both components of
angular velocity are constant, there is an
   angular acceleration due to the change in

1  0.30 j  2  0.50k direction of the angular velocity ω2. The
   angular velocity vector ω2 changes due to the
r  10.39i  6 j
rotation of the cab, ω1.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 • Three-Dimensional Motion Relative to
a Rotating Frame

• Given a vector function Q(t ), with respect to the
fixed frame OXYZ and rotating frame Oxyz,

  
   
Q OXYZ  Q Oxyz    Q

• Consider motion of particle P relative to a

rotating frame Oxyz or F for short. The absolute
velocity can be expressed as
  
v P    r   r  Oxyz

 
 v P  v P F
• The absolute acceleration can be expressed as
a P    r       r   2   r  Oxyz   r  Oxyz
        
  
 a p   a P F  ac
   
ac  2   r  Oxyz  2  v P F  Coriolis acceleration
 
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 • Frame of Reference in General Motion
• With respect to OXYZ and AX′Y′Z′,
  
rP  rA  rP A
  
vP  v A  vP A
  
aP  a A  aP A

• The velocity and acceleration of P relative to

AX′Y′Z′ can be found in terms of the velocity
and acceleration of P relative to Axyz.
v P  v A    rP A   rP A 
    
Axyz
 
 v P  v P F
Consider:
a P  a A    rP A       rP A 
      
• fixed frame OXYZ,
 2   rP A    rP A 
• translating frame AX’Y’Z’, and   
Axyz Axyz
• translating and rotating frame   
Axyz or F.  a P  a PF  a c

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 • Sample Problem 15.25
Strategy:
• Define a fixed reference frame OXYZ at O
and a moving reference frame Axyz or F
attached to the arm at A.
• With P′ of the moving reference frame
coinciding with P, the velocity of the point
P is found from
  
v P  v P  v P F
For the disk mounted on the
arm, the indicated angular • The acceleration of P is found from
rotation rates are constant.    
a P  a P  a P F  ac
• Determine:
• the velocity of the point P, • The angular velocity and angular
• the acceleration of P, and acceleration of the disk are
• angular velocity and   
   D F
angular acceleration of the  
disk.
 
     F   
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 • Sample Problem 15.25 1

Modeling and Analysis:

• Define a fixed reference frame OXYZ at O and a
moving reference frame Axyz or F attached to the
arm at A.
    
r  L i  Rj rP A  Rj
   
  1 j  D F  2k

• With P’ of the moving reference frame coinciding

with P, the velocity of the point P is found from
  
v P  v P  v P F
     
v P    r  1 j   Li  Rj   1L k

     
v P F   D F  rP A   2 k  Rj   2 R i
  
v P   2 R i  1L k

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 • Sample Problem 15.25 2

• The acceleration of P is found from

   
a P  a P  a P F  ac

a P       r   1 j    1 Lk   1 Li
      2 

 
 
a P F   D F   D F  rP A


  2 
  2 k     2 R i    2 R j
  
ac  2  v P F
  
 21 j     2 R i   21 2 Rk
 2  2  
a P  1 L i   2 Rj  21 2 Rk
• Angular velocity and acceleration of the disk,
     
   D F   1 j   2 k
 
    F    
 

 1 j  1 j   2 k 
    
  1 2 i
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 • Sample Problem 15.25 3

Reflect and Think:

• Knowing the absolute angular velocity of

 
the disk is equal to 1 J  2 k you could
have determined the velocity of P by
attaching the rotating axes to the disk and
using
 
vP  v A  D  rP / A  vP / A  1 Lk   2 Ri

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 • Group Problem Solving 7

The crane shown rotates at the constant rate w1= 0.25 rad/s; simultaneously, the
telescoping boom is being lowered at the constant rate w2= 0.40 rad/s. Knowing
that at the instant shown the length of the boom is 6 m and is increasing at the
constant rate u= 0.5 m/s determine the acceleration of Point B.
Strategy:
• Define a moving reference frame Axyz
or F attached to the arm at A.
• The acceleration of B is found from
   
aB  aB '  aB F  ac

• The angular velocity and angular

acceleration of the disk are
  
    B F
 

 

     
F

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 • Group Problem Solving 8

Modeling and Analysis:

Given: w1= 0.25 rad/s, w2= -0.40 rad/s. L= 6 m, u = 0.5 m/s
Find: aB.

Equation of overall acceleration of B

      
aD    r       r   2   r    r 
 
Oxy Oxy

Do any of the terms go to zero?

Let the unextending portion

 of
 the boom AB be a rotating frame of
reference. What are  and  ?

  2 i  1 j   1 j  2 i
 (0.40 rad/s)i  (0.25 rad/s) j.  12 k
 (0.10 rad/s 2 )k.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 • Group Problem Solving 9

      


aD    r      r  2  r    Oxy
 

 r
Oxy

Determine the position vector rB/A

rB/ A  rB
 (6 m)(sin 30 j  cos30k )
 (3 m) j  (3 3 ft)k
 
Find   r
i j k
  r  0 0 0.10  (0.3 m/s 2 )i
 B

0 3 3 3
  
Find     r  
     rB   (0.40i  0.25 j)  (0.40i  0.25 j)  (3 j  3 3k ) 
 (0.3 m/s 2 )i  (0.48 m/s 2 ) j  (1.156 m/s2 )k
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 • Group Problem Solving 10

      

 
aD    r      r  2  r   Oxy
 

 r
Oxy

Determine the Coriolis acceleration – first

define the relative velocity term
v B/F  u (sin 30 j  cos30k )
 (0.5 m/s)sin 30 j  (0.5 m/s)cos30k

Calculate the Coriolis acceleration

2Ω  v B/F  (2)(0.40i  0.25 j)  (0.5sin 30 j  0.5cos30k )
 (0.2165 m/s 2 )i  (0.3464 m/s 2 ) j  (0.2 m/s 2 )k

Add the terms together

a B  (0.817 m/s 2 )i  (0.826 m/s 2 ) j  (0.956 m/s 2 )k

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 • End of Chapter 15

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.