Appreciating Arts in

Architecture and
Sculpture
Presented by: Cedeno Kerwin, Castillo Mark Joseph,
Ismael Roi, Xander Calmante and Lester Quilala
Topics:
o What is Architecture?
o What is Sculpture?
o Relationship of Architecture and Sculpture in Art
o Who are the Famous Sculptors, and Architects and their works
o What is the importance of Art in Sculpture and Architecture
o What is Art Appreciation in Architecture and Sculpture
o How can we appreciate art in Sculpture and Architecture
o Types of Reliefs in Architecture and Sculpture
o The process of Sculpture and Architecture
 OBJECTIVES:
 To know the importance of Art in Architecture and Sculpture
 To know the famous Architects and Sculptors and their works
 The process of Sculpture and Architecture
 Appreciating Arts in Architecture and Sculpture
 The meaning of Architecture and Sculpture
 The types of Relief
 Architecture
 Architecture came from the Latin word
“architectura” or from the Greek word
“arkhitekton.” Arkhi meaning “chief” and
tekton meaning “builder.”
 The art and technique of designing and
building.
 Architecture is defined as the art and
science of designing buildings and
structures.

 A wider definition would include within this

scope the design of any built environment,
structure, or object, from town planning,
urban design, and landscape architecture to
furniture and objects.
 What is the purpose of an Architect?
 An architect is a person who plans, designs and oversees the construction of
building. To practice architecture means to provide services in connection
with the design or buildings and the space within the site surrounding the
buildings that have human occupancy or use as their principal purpose.
Types of Architectural Style
 1. Greek and Roman Classical Architecture
 Timeline: 700 to 323 BCE
 This type of architecture refers to the style that was prominently used in ancient
Greece and this Architectural style is often expressed by the temple, an oblong enclosure
Or surrounded by columns

The Greek Order of Columns

• Tuscan
• Doric
• Ionic
• Corinthian
• composite
These guidelines were followed by Roman Architects, with the Corinthian being
the more favored style used in many buildings.
2. Gothic Architecture
Construction: starting 72 to 80 AD

• Timeline: Mid-12th century to 16th

century
• This architectural type that dominated
for hundreds of years begin in France
and was then adopted throughout the
continent.

• This is a style of stonework/masonry

building that is characterized by three
main features: Colosseum or Flavian Amphitheatre (Piazza del Colosseo,
• sharply pointed arch Rome, Italy)
• Ribbed and vaulted columns
• Flying buttress
 Example of Gothic Architecture:

Chartres Cathedral (Centre-Val-de-Loire region in France)

Construction:

Starting at 1145 to 1194

3. Baroque Architecture

o Timeline: 16th century to 18th century

o This style of Architecture originated in Italy
and was said to
o be a more emotional and dramatic style
designed to appeal to the senses.
o Baroque Architecture usually includes
curving forms such as ovals, as well as
concave and convex forms that suggest
motion.

o Distortion is also another key aspect in this Chiesa del Gesù (Via degli Astalli, Rome, Italy)
style where you will see figures that are
broken, elongated or manipulated to make
them stand out.
Construction:

Starting at 1568 to 1580

4. Neo Classical Architecture

o Timeline: 18th century to early 19th

Century
o The style is very reminiscent of the
Greek and Roman forms.
o Resulted in 18th century buildings
somewhat resembling Greek and
Roman temples.

o Neo Classical Architecture is defined

by clean, elegant lines, uncluttered White house (Pennsylvania Avenue
appearance, free standing columns, NW Washington, D.C.)
and massive buildings.
Construction:

October 13, 1792 – November 1, 1800

5. Modern Architecture

o Timeline: 1900 – November 1960

o This architectural style is an umbrella
term that encompasses several different
styles that became prominent during the
first half of the 20th century.
o This is minimalist style that was
practiced by may Architects until after
World War II.
o The modernist style priorities simplicity
Sydney Opera House (Sydney, Australia)
of form, clean structure, lack of
ornamentation, and function over form.
Construction:

March 1st 1959 – 1973

6. Post Modern Architecture

o Timeline: 1960’s – 1990s

o As recreation to the austerity and rigidity
promoted by Modern Architecture,
o The post Modernist Architects launched tis
design movement in the 1960’s
o Post Modern Designs incorporated artistic
ornamentation and decorative elements into
the building’s façade as opposed to just the
clean lines upheld by modernist styles.
o The Post-modernist style refused to be Guggenheim Museum Bilbao (Spain)
boxed to just one type so designs often drew
inspiration from a mix of architectural
styles. For some buildings, this combination
often resulted to a somewhat hybrid and
whimsical design
Construction:
Start at October 1993 to October 1997

7. Neo futurist Architecture

o Timeline: 2007 to Present

o Neo futurism is an architectural style that is seen as
a more idealistic approach to the future.
o The designs increasingly take advantage of new
technologies to build seemingly impossible forms
and innovative structures that have never been
done before.
City of Arts and Sciences (Valencia, Spain)
Neo futurist architecture is identified with
structures that seem to defy natural physics which
were only previously seen in sci-fi movies.
 What is Sculpture
Definition:
o Sculpture comes From the Latin sculpere "to carve,"
sculpture often is carved out of a block of wood,
stone, or other material.
o an artistic form in which hard or plastic materials are
worked into two or three-dimensional art objects.
o The art curving, casting, assembling, or modeling to
make a figure

Originated:
The Western tradition of sculpture began in ancient Greece, and Greece is
widely seen as producing great masterpieces in the classical period.
The term sculpture is often used mainly to describe large works, which are
sometimes called monumental sculpture, meaning either or both of sculpture that
is large o that is attached to a building,

Element of sculpture:
o line
o color
o value
o shape
o form
o space
o texture.

Definition of Sculpture in Science:

- The art of carving, cutting, or hewing wood, stone, metal, etc, into statues, ornaments, or
into figures, as of men, or other things. Hence the art of producing figures and groups,
weather in plastic or hard materials.
Types of Sculptures:

- The basic traditional forms of this

3D art are free standing
sculpture, which is surrounded on
all sides by space, and relief
sculpture encompassing bas-
relief. Where the design remains
attached to a background,
typically stone or wood.

Methods of sculpture:
o Carving
o Assembling
o Modeling
o Casting Example:
Carving method
Assembling method Modeling method
Example of sculpture:

Freestanding sculpture
o a sculpture that is unattached to any background
o These sculptures can be walked around and viewed from all angles.
o be attached at the base for support.

Relief sculpture
o Relief sculpture is a complex art form that combines many features of the two-
dimensional pictorial arts and the three-dimensional sculptural arts.
o Like a picture, is dependent on a supporting surface.
o its composition must be extended in a plane to be visible.
Types of sculpture

o Subtractive process
o Additive process

Subtractive process

o involve removing
material from a solid
block of starting
material.
o Machining, milling, Mount Rushmore (United States)
and boring
Additive Process
o those process that involves adding materials onto the base material.

Woods
 Kinetic process
o sculpture conduct movement (as
of a motor-driven part or a
changing electronic image) is a
basic element.
o as dramatic, large scale outdoor
public art and harness natural
forces of energy, such as solar
power, gravity, wind, or
magnetism.
o In the 20th century the use of
actual movement, kineticist,
Major Sculptural Styles became an important aspect of
 Hellenistic Sculpture sculpture.
 Roman Sculpture
 Equestrian Sculpture
 Reliefs, Carvings, and Architectural Sculpture
 High Renaissance Sculpture
 Mannerist Sculpture.
 Baroque Sculpture.
 Neoclassical Sculpture
 Relationship of Architecture
and Sculpture in art
o Architecture, like o There are styles of o Certainly by o That many 20th-
sculpture, is concerned architecture that are definition, century sculptors
with three-dimensional effective largely architecture must can be said to
form. Sculpture has long through the quality and also confront some have treated their
been closely related to organization of their utilitarian duties in work in an
architecture through its solid forms. Such as addition to pure architectural
role as architectural ancient styles of stone aesthetics. But new manner. There is
decoration and the level architecture, technologies and no doubt that
of design. Both have a particularly Egyptian, engineering has architecture is an
critical responsibility to Greek, and Mexican. arguably freed the art. But are the
address the physical These styles of stone discipline from most artistic ideas and
space and consider architecture tend to of these conceptual influences
tenets of form, scale and treat their components limitations. The exchanged
material. And although in a sculptural manner development of between sculpture
the central problem in most buildings viewed modern building and architecture
the design of buildings is from the outside are technology also an equal
the organization of space compositions of cause the growth of
rather than mass. masses. spatial sculpture.
FAMOUS ARCHITECTS AND
THEIR WORKS
 Antoni Gaudí
o He was a Spanish Catalan architect from Reus
and the best known practitioner of Catalan
Modernism.
o His works reflect an individualized and
distinctive style. Most are located in
Barcelona, including his magnum opus, the
Sagrada Família. Gaudí's work was influenced
by his passions in life architecture, nature,
and religion. He considered every detail of
his creations and integrated into his
architecture such crafts as ceramics, stained
glass, wrought ironwork forging and
carpentry. He also introduced new
techniques in the treatment of materials,
such as trencadís which used waste ceramic
pieces.
 Expiatory Church of the Sagrada Família

o The Sagrada Família, or its full

name Temple Expiatori de la
Sagrada Família in Catalan,
"Expiatory Temple of the Holy
Family" in English, is a basilica that
is now a major symbol of the city
of Barcelona throughout the world
at the same time as the most
famous monument by ’Antoni
Gaudí. The architect consecrated
sixteen years of his life to his
construction, living as a recluse in
the building before having an
accident and dying in 1926 without
his project being completed. Since
then he rests in the crypt of the
basilica that one can and must
visit.
 o The Sagrada Familla was
built on March 19th 1882
until now the Basilica is not
finished.

o On 19th of March 1882,

construction of The Sagrada
Familla began under
Architect Fransisco de Paula
Del Villar. In 1883 when
Villar resigned Gaudi took
over as chief architect.
Transforming the project
with his architectural and
engineering style. He
combines Gothic and
The Sagrada Familla curvilinear Art.
 Parc Güell o Park Guell is one of the
masterpieces of the Catalan
architect Antoni Gaudi, who
projected it in 1900. Inaugurated
as a public park in 1926,

o it was listed as a UNESCO World

Heritage Site in 1984, reconizing
its patrimonial and cultural value
as a symbol of modern
architecture, being one of the
biggest exponents of Gaudi's
modernism.

o This playful urban park, the work

of architect Antoni Gaudi,
features peaceful greens, winding
paths and many sculptures and
mosaics designed by Gaudi
himself.
 o Frank Owen Gehry, is a Canadian
architect born in Canada, currently a
United States resident based in Los
Angeles. A number of his buildings,
including his private residence, have
become world-renowned tourist
attractions.

o His works are cited as being among the

most important works of contemporary
architecture in the 2010 World
Architecture Survey, which led Vanity Fair
to label him as "the most important
architect of our age". Gehry's best-known
works include the titanium-clad
Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain;
Walt Disney Concert Hall in downtown
Los Angeles; Louis Vuitton Foundation in
Paris, France; MIT Ray and Maria Stata
Frank Gehry Center in Cambridge
 o The Guggenheim museum in 
New York was the first of the
museums created by the Solomon R.
Guggenheim Foundation, dedicated
to modern art.

o It was founded in 1937 in the Upper

East Side, NY. It is the best known
of all the museums within the
foundation and often referred to
simply as “The Guggenheim”.

o At first it was called the Museum of

Non-objective Art, and was founded
to exhibit avant-garde art by early
Guggenheim Museum- modernist artists such as Kadinsky
1991/1997-Bilbao, Spain and Mondrian.
Walt Disney Concert Hall
 o Frank Lloyd Wright was an American
architect, interior designer, writer,
and educator, who designed more
than 1,000 structures, 532 of which
were completed. Wright believed in
designing structures that were in
harmony with humanity and its
environment, a philosophy he called
organic architecture.

o This philosophy was best exemplified

by Fallingwater, which has been
called "the best all-time work of
American architecture". Wright was
a leader of the Prairie School
movement of architecture and
developed the concept of the
Usonian home, his unique vision for
Frank Lloyd Wright urban planning in the United States
 o Commissioned in 1943, the
o The spiral movement within the
Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum
MCAD Library
Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum
is a cultural monument that
shows the culmination of Frank
Lloyd Wright's career. The
inverted-ziggurat design features
modernism, pioneering use of
space, a spiral ramp and a domed
skylight. To this day, visitors are
impressed by the expressive yet
acutely personal museum.
building means that art is
displayed along the concave
walls of the museum.
Consequently, the modern
architectural monument tends to
outshine the pieces displayed
there. Critics of Frank Lloyd
Wright claim the building has
failed in its core purpose.
Fallingwater (Frank Lloyd Wright)
 o Santiago Calatrava Valls (born 29 July 1951)
is a Spanish architect, structural engineer,
sculptor and painter, particularly known for
his bridges supported by single leaning
pylons, and his railway stations, stadiums,
and museums, whose sculptural forms often
resemble living organisms. 

o His best-known works include the 

Olympic Sports Complex of Athens, the 
Milwaukee Art Museum, the Turning Torso
 tower in Malmö, Sweden, the 
World Trade Center Transportation Hub in
New York City, the Auditorio de Tenerife in 
Santa Cruz de Tenerife, the 
Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge in Dallas, Texas,
and his largest project, the 
City of Arts and Sciences and Opera House in
Santiago Calatrava Valls his birthplace, Valencia. His architectural
firm has offices in New York City, Doha, and 
Zürich.
 o The Quadracci Pavilion of the Milwaukee Art
Museum is one of Calatrava’s most iconic
architectural works and is part of one of the
largest museums in the world. If you see the
connection between the work of Eero Saarinen
and Calatrava, you may be interested to know
that both architects worked on projects for the
Milwaukee Art Museum.

o The collection was moved to Saarinen’s

Milwaukee County War Memorial in 1957 and
Calatrava’s Quadracci Pavilion was created in
2001.

o Calatrava’s addition is known for its dramatic

wings that act as a shading system. The
structure has a wingspan of about 217 feet and
moves throughout the day. It is capable of
folding when needed and before dangerous
Milwaukee Art Museum weather. Since this building was designed as
part of the larger Milwaukee Art Museum, the
Quadracci Pavilion is often endearingly called
“The Calatrava.”
Athens Olimpic Park
 o Oscar Ribeiro de Almeida Niemeyer
Soares Filho, known as Oscar
Niemeyer, was a Brazilian architect
who is considered to be one of the key
figures in the development of modern
architecture.

o Niemeyer was best known for his

design of civic buildings for Brasília, a
planned city that became Brazil's
capital in 1960, as well as his
collaboration with other architects on
the United Nations Headquarters in
New York City. His exploration of the
aesthetic possibilities of reinforced
concrete was highly influential in the
late 20th and early 21st centuries.
Both lauded and criticized for being a
"sculptor of monuments", Niemeyer
Oscar Niemeyer was hailed as a great artist and one of
the greatest architects 
 o The Oscar Niemeyer
International Cultural
Centre or Centro Niemeyer
(Spanish: Centro Cultural
Internacional Oscar
Niemeyer), (popularly
known as el Niemeyer), is
the result of the
combination of a cultural
complex designed by the
Brazilian architect Oscar
Niemeyer and an
international cultural
project.

o The center is located on

Oscar Niemeyer International Cultural the estuary of Avilés,
Centre in Avilès, Spain Asturias (Spain). It was
inaugurated on 26 May
2011.
 Saint Francis of Assisi Church in Belo Horizonte, night view. Architect:
Oscar Niemeyer. For its great modernity, the religious building provoked
controversy at the time. It was not inaugurated until 1959
FAMOUS SULPTORS AND THEIR
WORKS
 o The remarkable artistic career of Alberto
Giacometti may be divided into phases. His
work in the 1930s represents probably the
most important contribution to Surrealist
sculpture.

o Surrealism was a movement

which rejected rationalism and focused on
channeling the unconscious mind to unveil
the power of the imagination. The most
striking Surrealist works of Giacometti
resemble games, toys and architectural
models which encourage the viewer to
physically interact with them.

o In late 1930s, Giacometti abandoned

Surrealism to pursue representing the
human figure in a convincing illusion of real
space. However, it was after the Second
World War that he created his most
ALBERTO GIACOMETTI famous sculptures
The Walking Man I (1961) – Alberto Giacometti
 o The Baroque was a highly ornate and
often extravagant style of architecture, art
and music that flourished in Europe
from early 17th to late 18th century.

o Baroque sculpture attempted to capture

dynamic movement of human figures, was
meant to be viewed from all angles and was
displayed centrally, rather than against a
wall. Gian Lorenzo Bernini is credited
with creating the Baroque style of
sculpture and he developed it to such an
extent that other artists are of only minor
importance in a discussion of that style.

o Bernini was the definition of childhood

genius. He was “recognized as a prodigy
when he was only eight years old” and he
GIAN LORENZO BERNINI soon earned the admiration and favor of
powerful patrons who hailed him as “the
Michelangelo of his century”.
Ecstasy of Saint Teresa (1652) – Gian Lorenzo Bernini
 o The High Renaissance is a term used to denote
the apex of the visual arts in the Renaissance.
Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni, along
with Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael, forms the trinity
of great masters of the High Renaissance. He was
a “Renaissance man” or “Universal Genius” who
excelled in various fields including painting,
architecture, poetry and engineering.

o However, above all, he is widely regarded as the

greatest sculptor of all time. In his lifetime,
Michelangelo was often called Il Divino (“the divine
one”). After his death, subsequent artists tried to
imitate his impassioned, highly personal style resulting
in Mannerism, the next major movement in Western
art. Michelangelo is perhaps the most influential figure
in the history of western art whose works in painting,
sculpture and architecture exerted an unparalleled
influence on the development of art in the west.
MICHEL ANGELO
o In sculpture, his best-known works are
the Pieta and David, which rank among the most
renowned artworks ever created.
David (1504) – Michelangelo Moses
 o Auguste Rodin turned away from the idealism of the
Greeks and decorative beauty; thus departing from
centuries old traditions in the field of sculpture. Instead,
he modeled the human body with realism and suggested
emotion through his mastery in inter-playing between
light and shadow and through detailed, textured
surfaces.

o Some of his sculptures were so realistic that he

was accused of surmoulage, that is having taken a cast
from a living model. Due to his departure from the
predominant sculpture traditions, many of Rodin’s most
notable sculptures were criticized during his lifetime.

o However he refused to change his style and, with time,

he was compared to Michelangelo and was widely
recognized as the greatest artist of the era. Auguste
Rodin was a towering figure in the field of sculpture who
exerted a deep and profound influence on future
AUGUSTE RODIN generation of artists.

o He is widely considered the father of modern

sculpture and his work The Thinker is one of the most
famous sculptures ever created.
 The Thinker (1902) The Kiss (1901 - 1904
The Importance of Art
in Architecture and
Sculpture
 Architecture Sculpture
o Art needs an appropriate built
o Its an important form of art
environment within which it can be
showcased to greatest effect, while because it exceeds the limitations
architecture needs art to turn bricks,
of 2d art, this helps artists express
steel and concrete into a space in which
people want to live, to learn, to shop themselves in other creative
and to work. Much of the architecture
ways. In history, sculpture was
that we appreciate today has derived its
inspiration from unlikely sources. used to appreciate the human life

o When you look at the buildings of the more. It was used to honor
past and the present that grab our heroes and a lot of times display
attention and stand out from the crowd,
social status.
a similar pattern emerges. The designers
and architects that create trends and
have a significant impact on the
appearance of modern cities have found
ways to bend the traditional rules of
designing in physical form.
 What is Art
Appreciation in
Sculpture and
Architecture
o Architecture is the art and science of designing structures and spaces for human use.
Related to sculpture, architecture creates three-dimensional objects that serve human
purposes and forms visual relationships with the surrounding areas.

o Art appreciation is an integral subject that has not received the limelight it deserves in
architectural education-driven broadly by technical content. Architecture and art are the
physical evidence that remains of ancient civilization and history that help us understand
the dynamic conditions by looking closely at the work and critiquing using formalism
theory solely based on the oeuvre of an artist or movement.

o There are two crucial objective aspects to consider; One being the principles of art –
movement, unity, harmony, variety, balance, contrast, proportions and pattern, and
other being the elements of art – line, shape, tone, color, pattern, texture and form.
They give a non-biased and comprehensive parameter to evaluate and constitution.
Appreciating Art in
Sculpture and
Architecture
 Sculpture
o Art can be expressed in a lot of ways and one of that is through
sculpture. Ancient sculpture made use of different materials and this
kind of art has been passed on until it is continuously appreciated
today. The statues, clay formations, wood carvings and other designs
you see today are the result of art. Some are even preserved and
displayed in galleries and museums and even until now they are still
as beautiful as they once were. As you look at this kind of art, you
must point out certain things so that you will really appreciate how it
is done. First, you must try to check what material it is made of.

o You will be amazed how something very simple like the raw material
being used can become so elegant and stylistic. Sculpture
information includes the common materials used in this kind of art
and they are stones, clay, wood, metals and plastics. From these
simple raw materials, a sculptor shapes it into something useful. It
can be used for decorations o even for work. But mostly when used
as decorations, it is truly a physical attraction and when you see
them, you would really appreciate art even more.
 Architecture
o Art is a human discipline that explains the fragility, temporariness,
and even potential immortality of sentiments and emotions. They
are the projected visions of people, and viewing them means
seeing through the mind and the heart of the artist. A lot of people
think that art is unnecessarily profound, and that dealing with the
vicissitudes of life is a more practical approach to living.

o They even believe that art is difficult to understand, as you will

also have to find it. Truth be told, art is everywhere. You can see it
in many forms, shapes, and sizes. And if you are looking for
obvious signs of artistic marvels, just look at the buildings and
structures the architecture itself is a form of art.
o Appreciating architecture can do a lot of good things for you.

o First, you will be able to understand and appreciate a piece of

functional art. You will also be able to get inspiration for your next
interior design or even major architectural projects. If architecture
appreciation is quite new to you, here are some of the things you
may want to keep in mind
Types of Relief’s in
Architecture and
Sculpture
Relief Definition – Relief is a sculptural technique where
the sculpted elements remain attached to a solid
background of the same material. The term relief is
from Latin verb relevo, to raise. To create a sculpture in
relief is to give the impression that the sculpted
material has been raised above the background plain.
Types of Relief in Architecture
o Low relief of bas-relief
A low relief is a projecting image with a
shallow overall depth, for example used on
coins, on which all images are in low relief. It is
a technique which requires less work, and is
therefore cheaper to produce, as less of the
background needs to be removed in a carving,
or less modeling required. In the Art of
Ancient Egypt, Assyrian palace reliefs, and
A low-relief dating to circa 2000 BC, from
other ancient Near Eastern and Asian cultures,
the kingdom of Simurrum modern Iraq
a consistent low relief was commonly used for
the whole composition.
o Mid relief
Mid-relief, “half-relief” or mezzo-
relievo is somewhat imprecisely
defined, and the term is not often used
in English, the works usually being
described as low relief instead. The
typical traditional definition is that only
up to half of the subject projects, and
no elements are undercut or fully
disengaged from the background field.
The depth of the elements shown is
normally somewhat distorted. Mid-
relief is probably the most common Banteay Srei, Cambodia; Ravana shaking
type of relief found in the Hindu and Mount Kailasa, the Abode of Siva
Buddhist art of India and Southeast
Asia.
o High relief (or altorilievo, from Italian)
is where in general more than half of the mass
of the sculpted figure projects from the
background. Indeed, the most prominent
elements composition, especially heads and
limbs, are often completely undercut,
detaching them from the field. The parts of
the subject that are seen are normally
depicted at their full depth, unlike low relief
where the elements seen are “squashed”
flatter. High relief thus uses essentially the
same style and techniques as free-standing
sculpture, and in the case of a single figure
gives largely the same view as a person High relief metope from the Classical
standing directly in from of a free-standing Greek Patheon Marbles
statue would have. Most of the many grand
figure reliefs in Ancient Greek sculpture used a
very “high” version of high relief.
o Sunk relief
Sunk or sunken relief is largely restricted
to the art of Ancient Egypt where it is
very common, becoming after the
Amarna period of Ahkenaten the
dominant type used, as opposed relief. It
had been used earlier, but mainly for
large reliefs on external walls, and for
hieroglyphs and cartouches. The image is
made by cutting the relief sculpture itself
into flat surface. The technique is most
successful with strong sunlight to
emphasize the outlines and forms by
shadow, as no attempt was made soften A sunk-relief depiction of Pharaoh
the edge of the sunk area, leaving a face Akhenaten with his wife Nefertiti and
at a right-angle to the surface all around daughters
it.
o Counter-relief
Sunk relief technique is not
to be confused with
“counter-relief” or intaglio
as seen on engraved gem
seals – where an image is
full modelled in a
“negative” manner. The
image goes into surface, so
that when impressed on
wax it gives an impression
in normal relief. However
many engraved gems were French Gothic diptych, with crowded
carved in cameo or normal scenes from Life of Christ
relief.
Types of Relief in Sculpture
o There are three basic types of relief sculpture low relief (basso-relievo, or bas-
relief), where the sculpture projects only slightly from the background surface
high relief (alto-relievo, or alto-relief), where the sculpture projects at least half
or more of its natural circumference from the background, and may in parts be
wholly disengaged from the ground, thus approximating sculpture in the round.
o Sculptors may also employ middle-relief (mezzo-relievo), a style which falls
roughly between the high and low forms sunken relief, (incised, coelanaglyphic
or intaglio relief), where the carving is sunk below the level of the surrounding
surface and is contained within a sharpely incised contour line that frames it
with a powerful line of shadow.
o The surrounding surface remains untouched, with no projections. Sunken relief
carving is found almost exclusively in ancient Egyptian art, although it has also
been used in some beautiful small-scale ivory reliefs from India.
 Famous Relief Sculptures

Salmon of the Abri du Poisson Cave Pergamon Altar of Zeus (180 BCE)
(23,000 BCE) Dordogne (low relief) Pergamon Musuem Berlin (high
relief)
Venus of Laussel (23,000 BCE)
Dordogne (low relief)
 The Process of
Architecture and
Sculpture
 Sculpture
o Other sculptural works are
o Sculpture is art that's three-dimensional and
freestanding, which means they
protrudes into space. Unlike two-dimensional art,
can be walked around and stand
many sculptures have height, width, and length.
alone apart from any background.
Sculpture is a very old art form that's been made by
The word statue is often used to
cultures around the world for centuries. The ancient
describe fully freestanding
Egyptians created massive stone sculptures like the
sculptures. The Statue of Liberty is
Sphinx, which stands several stories high, and the
a very large example of a
classical Greeks were known for their spectacular
freestanding sculpture. Can you
carved stone figures
imagine planning and making a
o Sculpture can be made of many materials. It sculpture that big?
can be realistic or abstract, which means it
doesn't resemble anything in the natural
world. Some sculptures are reliefs, or
dimensional forms that protrude from a
surface but are still connected to it. If you
have a coin in your pocket, look carefully at its
surface designs. They are examples of shallow
relief sculptures.
 Architecture
The characteristics that distinguish a work of
architecture from other built structures are the
suitability of the work to use by human beings in
general and the adaptability of it to particular human
activities, the stability and permanence of the work’s
construction, and the communication of experience
and ideas through its form. All these conditions must
be met in architecture. The second is a constant,
while the first and third vary in relative importance
according to the social function of buildings. If the
function is chiefly utilitarian, as in a factory,
communication is of less importance.
Thank you for
Listening