Fundamental Mathematics For Computing

Indices & Logarithms

 Topic & Structure of the lesson
 Indices
 Rules of Indices
 Simplify index expressions.
 Solving index equations.
 Logarithmic Functions
 Common and natural logarithm
 Converting between exponents and logarithms
 Laws of logarithms
 Properties of logarithms
 Change of base of a logarithm
 Solving index equations and logarithmic equations.

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 Learning Outcomes

 At the end of this topic, You should be able to

 State the rules of indices and logarithms.
 Simplify index, exponential and logarithms
expressions.
 Solving equations which involve indices and
logarithms.
 Calculate the logarithms of a number with any base.
 Use the laws of logarithms to simplify expressions.

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 Key Terms you must be able to use

If you have mastered this topic, you should be able to use the following terms
correctly in your Exam.

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 Index


• An
  index number is a number that indicates how many
times the base is used as a factor. It also means
repeated multiplication.
index

 Example:

Base

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 Index

Rules of Indices Examples

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 Example

1)
•  Solve the following:

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 Example

2)
•  Simplify the following:

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 Logarithm


• Index
  form:
 . It has a variable exponent, . This value is called the
logarithm of to the base →
 Example:

 Common Logarithms:
 Logarithm to the base 10 are called “common
logarithms”.
 It is customary to write , for every

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 Logarithm


• Natural
  Logarithms:
 A commonly used logarithm in real world applications
such as “compound interest” is the Natural Logarithm.
 Symbolised by the letter and
 , for every

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 Example

1)
•  Change given expression to logarithm form:

2) Without using calculator, find the following value:

a) d)
b) e)
c)

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 Laws of Logarithm

1) Product Rule:
  log 𝑎 𝑥 + log𝑎 𝑦 = log 𝑎 𝑥𝑦
 NOTE:

2) Quotient
  Rule: 𝑥
log 𝑎 𝑥 − log 𝑎 𝑦 =log 𝑎
𝑦
 NOTE:

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 Laws of Logarithm

3) Power Rule:
𝑦
  log 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑦 log 𝑎 𝑥

Note:
ln e  1
e ln  1

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 Example

1)
•  Base on the law of logarithms, expand the following:

2) Given and , find .

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 Example

3)
•  Given , find .

4) Write the following as single logarithms:

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 Properties of Logarithms


• The
  properties of logarithms are very similar to the
properties of exponent because logarithms are
exponents. The properties will be used in solving
logarithmic equations:

a) d)
b) e)
c) f)

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 Change of Base


• The
  logarithm of a number to any base can always be
calculated using natural or common logarithms.
 Let and be positive real numbers such that and .
 Then can be converted to the base by;

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 Example

1)
•  Find the following expression to four decimal places:

2) Evaluate

3) Solve

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 Quick Review Question

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 Question and Answer Session

Q&A

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 What we will cover next

Trigonometry

Fundamental Mathematics for Computing Integration