18ME303 – ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS

Unit – 2 FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

N.BHUVANESH,
Assistant Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
BIT-SATHY.
 MICROPLANNING

Stimulating Qestions (3) Alpha Breathing (2)

Summary (4) Evocation (2)
Discussion (4)
General Objectve (1)

Formative Assessment 2 (2) Specific Objectves 1,2 (15)

Specific Objectves 3,4 (20)

Formative Assessment 1 (2)

 ALPHA BREATHING

BREATHE IN (DEEPLY)
BREATHE OUT (SLOWLY)
HOLD THE BREATH
EVOCATION
 Energy Conservation
The First Law of Thermodynamics states that total energy is conserved for any
thermodynamic system → energy can not be created nor destroyed
→ energy can only change from one form to another

Energy ( E )  constant

Einternal  Ekinetic  Epotential  Emechanical 

Eheat  Echemical  Eelectrical  constant
 First Law of Thermodynamics
Internal Energy = Kinetic Energy + Potential Energy
(of the molecules in the system)
• Depends only on the current system state (p,V,T)
• Does not depend on past states
• Does not depend on how state changes occur
• Changes are the result of external forcing
on the system (in the form of work or heat)

E internal  Work environment  Heat environment

dU  dW  dQ
dU  pdV  dQ
First Law of Thermodynamics – Closed System

• Constant volume process (Isochoric)

• Constant pressure process (Isobaric)
• Constant temperature process (Isothermal)
• Reversible adiabatic process (Isentropic)
• Polytropic process
• Throttling process
 IDEAL OR PERFECT GAS

1. Ideal Gas Equation of State

PV = mRT
P = RT
P
ρ 
RT
PV
 C
T
P V P V
1 1  2 2
T T
1 2
Where: P – absolute pressure in KPa
V – volume in m3
m – mass in kg
R – Gas Constant in KJ/kg-°K
T – absolute temperature in°K
2. Gas Constant
R KJ
R
M kg - K
KJ
R  8.3143
kg - K
m
Where:
R- Gas Constant in KJ/kg-K
KJ
R  universal gas constant
kg  K
M – Molecular weight kg/kgm m
 Relation between specific heats

𝑅=𝐶 𝑃 −𝐶 𝑉
 

Specific heat ratio, γ=

 
For air, γ = 1.4 and R = 0.287 kJ/kg K
kJ/kg K
kJ/kg K
 Polytropic Process
• Any
  process can be represented by the general
form = Constant.
• Based on the valve of n, the process differs.
• For other values of n, the process is known as
polytropic process.
 Throttling Process
• Throttling process involves the passage of a higher
pressure fluid through a narrow constriction. The
effect is the reduction in pressure and increase in
volume. This process is adiabatic as no heat flows
from and to the system. The entropy of the fluid
actually increases. Enthalpy remains constant
• a plate with a small hole
• a valve partially closed
• a porous plug
• a capillary tube which is normally found in a
refrigerator
 Throttling Process
It is a steady - state, steady flow process in which Q = 0; PE = 0;
KE = 0; W = 0 and the enthalpy remains constant.
h1 = h2 or h = C

Throttling Calorimeter
Pressure Gauge
thermometer
Main steam line

Pressure Gauge

Throttling valve

To main steam line

First Law of Thermodynamics – Open System

• Steady State Flow Process

• Steady Flow Energy Equation (SFEE)
• Steady flow devices
 Steady State Flow Process
• When a flow process is satisfying the following
conditions, it is known as a steady flow process.
• The mass and energy content of the control volume
remains constant with time.
• The state and energy of the fluid at inlet, at the exit
and at every point within the control volume are
time independent.
• The rate of energy transfer in the form of work and
heat across the control surface is constant with time.
Steady flow energy equation (SFEE)
 Steady flow energy equation (SFEE)

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 Steady flow energy equation (SFEE)

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 Steady flow energy equation (SFEE)

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 Boiler
• Boiler is a device which is used to generate
high pressure steam, by supplying heat to the
water. In the system, heat energy is stored in
the steam. Therefore internal energy (U) exist
and flow energy (Pv) exist due to moment of
water
• Apply SFEE
Q=h2-h1

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 Condenser
• Condenser is a device used to condense a hot
steam into water by using coolant. The main
function of the condenser is to transfer heat from
steam to coolant. In this system there is no work
done, change in K.E & P.E
i.e (W=0, Z1=Z2, C1=C2)

Q= h2-h1 in kJ
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 Perpetual Motion Machine - I
• A device which could provide work transfer
continuously without heat transfer is known
as perpetual motion machine of first kind. It is
impossible to have such an engine as it
violates first law of thermodynamics.
 Limitation of 1st law of thermodynamics

• When a closed system undergoes a

thermodynamic cycle, the net heat transfer is
equal to the net work transfer. This statement
does not specify the direction of flow of heat
and work
HOT COLD
COLD HOT
• The heat energy and mechanical work are
mutually convertible. Though the mechanical
work can be fully converted into heat energy,
but only a part of heat energy is converted into
mechanical work. In other words there is a
limitation on the conversion of one form of
energy into another form.