DC MACHINES

Fall 2018, Prepared by Prof. Adel Gastli

Modified and Presented By Dr. Atif Iqbal

1 ELEC 312 12/16/2021

CHAPTER CONTENT
1 • Introduction
2 • Construction
3 • Principle of Operation
4 • Classification
5 • Magnetization Curve
6 • Equations
7 • Power Flow & Efficiency
8 • Torque-Speed Characteristics
9 • Starting

2 ELEC 312 12/16/2021

Introduction
 Most of the electrical machine in service are AC type.
 However, DC machines are of considerable industrial
importance.
 DC machines are mainly used as DC motors and the DC
generators are nowadays rarely used.
 DC motors provide a fine control of the speed which cannot
be attained by AC motors.
 DC motors can develop rated torque at all speeds from
standstill to rated speed.
 Developed torque at standstill is many times greater than
the torque developed by an AC motor of equal power and
speed rating.
3 ELEC 312 12/16/2021
Introduction
 Application of DC Machines:
 Large DC motors are used in machine tools,
printing presses, fans, pumps, cranes, paper
mill, traction, textile mills and so forth.
 Small DC machines (fractional horsepower
rating) are used primarily as control device-
such as tachogenerators for speed sensing
and servomotors for positioning and tracking.

4 ELEC 312 12/16/2021

Introduction
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• High starting torque • Needs regular maintenance
• Rapid acceleration and (Brushes + Commutator).
deceleration. • Cannot be used in explosive
• Speed can be easily controlled area.
over wide speed range. • High cost (because of their
• Used in tough jobs (traction complex armature
motors, electric trains, electric construction).
cars,….). • Larger in size for the same
• Built in wide range of sizes. output

5 ELEC 312 12/16/2021

Introduction
Electric Machine

Mechanical Electrical Electrical Motor Mechanical

Generator
Input Output Input Output

Electromechanical Energy Conversion

i
+ Ideal w T Mechanical system
Electrical system v Electric Machine
_
Motor Power Relation
Energy Flow
Generator v i=T 
6 ELEC 312 12/16/2021
CHAPTER CONTENT
1 • Introduction
2 • Construction
3 • Principle of Operation
4 • Classification
5 • Magnetization Curve
6 • Equations
7 • Power Flow & Efficiency
8 • Torque-Speed Characteristics
9 • Starting

7 ELEC 312 12/16/2021

Construction
Parts of a DC Machine
Armature core

Armature winding

Field coil

Rotation
Pole axis

Shaft Pole core

Pole face
Field yoke

8 ELEC 312 12/16/2021

4-Pole DC machine

9 ELEC 312 12/16/2021

DC Machines

 Field Winding –on stator

 Armature Winding – on rotor
 A dc current is passed through the field winding to
produce flux in the machine.
 Voltage induced in the armature winding is AC.
 A mechanical commutator and a brush assembly
function as a rectifier, making the armature terminal
voltage unidirectional.

10 ELEC 312 12/16/2021

 Commutator: is a mechanical rectifier, which converts
the alternating voltage generated in the armature
winding into direct voltage across the brush. It is made of
copper segments insulated from each other by mica and
mounted on the shaft of the machine. The armature
windings are connected to the commutator segments.

Commutator
11 ELEC 312 12/16/2021
Construction: Brush
The purpose of the brush is to ensure electrical
connections between the rotating commutator and
stationary external load circuit. It is made of carbon
and rest on the commutator.

Commutator and Brushes

12 ELEC 312 12/16/2021
Construction: Armature Winding

End connection

Conductors

Turn Coil Winding

13 ELEC 312 12/16/2021

Construction: Armature Winding

Top
Bottom coil sides
coil sides

14 ELEC 312 12/16/2021

Construction: Armature Winding

Top
coil sides

Top Bottom
coil sides coil sides

Commutator 1 2 3 1 2
Brush Brush

Elements of Lap Winding Elements of Wave Winding

15 ELEC 312 12/16/2021

Construction: Armature Winding
a b c d e
Lap Winding a b c d e

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

N S N S

f g h f g h

19 20 21 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
- + - +

+ + Ia +
- + +
+
- - - ab p
Icoil
// paths brushes poles

16
+
ELEC
-
- - 312 12/16/2021
 Construction: Armature Winding
d e
Wave Winding
a b c a b c d e

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

N S N S

i j k f g h
h
g
f
2 4 i j k
17 18 19 20 21 1 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
- + - +

+ Ia +
+ + - +
+

Icoil a2
- - Nb. of // paths
Nb.
17
- ELEC 312 -
12/16/2021
-
 Armature winding-Summary
There are 2 types of winding
Lap and Wave winding
Lap winding Wave winding
A=P A=2

The armature It is usedin low

windings are current output
divided into and high voltage.
no. of sections
equal to the no 2 brushes
of poles
18 ELEC 312 12/16/2021
CHAPTER CONTENT
1 • Introduction
2 • Construction
3 • Principle of Operation
4 • Classification
5 • Magnetization Curve
6 • Equations
7 • Power Flow & Efficiency
8 • Torque-Speed Characteristics
9 • Starting

19 ELEC 312 12/16/2021

DC Motor Principle of Operation
Field Current
Current-carrying
wire in magnetic direction
field is subject
to force F F S
(Lorentz Force)
B

N I
Force
F=IBL Left Hand Rule or Motor Rule

The generated force F:

F = BIL, Newtons(N)
B = magnetic flux density, T
L = conductor length in the field, m
I: current in the conductor, A
20 ELEC 312 12/16/2021
DC Motor Principle of Operation
Production of Unidirectional Torque
w w

F F
N a S N S
+ +b
1 2 b F 1 2 a
F
I I
1 2 1 2
Position of conductor a under N-pole Position of conductor a under S-pole
B
I

With this configuration the torque is

F unidirectional and independent of
Left-hand rule conductor position
21 ELEC 312 12/16/2021
 DC Motor Principle of Operation
S S
B
I
I B

N I N
I
Field I Current
direction

F Sparks
I
B Force

I
N
I F
Commutator I
Brushes

22 ELEC 312 12/16/2021

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xC2-kQENRXM
 Multi-Pole Machines

If p is the number of poles, then p/2 cycles of variation of the

flux are encountered every complete mechanical rotation.

360o md
One pole pitch  180 ed  o

p q

B(q) N
Pole pitch

N N q qed S S
p p 3p 4p
 ed   md S 2p S
2 qmd N
p 2p
4-pole machine

qed : electrical degrees or angular measure in cycles

qmd : mechanical degrees or angular measure in space
23 ELEC 312 12/16/2021
 Principle of Operation: Back EMF
As the armature rotates Flux / Re v. p pN m
Emf conductor   
time / Re v.  60 / N m 
in the magnetic field
produced by the stator 60
poles, voltage is
Emf conductor  Number of conductors
induced in the EmfTotal 
armature, called back Number of //paths
emf.
 pN m   Z  pZN m
EmfTotal    
where  60   a  60a
p = number of poles
 = flux per pole (Weber)
Nm = speed of the motor in the revolutions per minute (rpm)
time of one revolution = 60/Nm (sec)
Z = total number of armature conductors
a = number of parallel paths, 2 for wave winding and p for lap winding.
24 ELEC 312 12/16/2021
 Principle of Operation: Back EMF
1rev=2

2N m m 60
Let  m  (rad/sec)  Nm 
60 2
1min=60sec

m= speed of the motor in radians per second

pZ m 60 pZ
EmfTotal    m
60a 2 2a

EmfTotal  K a m Ka: armature constant K a 

pZ
2a

Total Back emf

25 ELEC 312 12/16/2021

 Developed (or Electromagnetic) Torque
Consider the turn shown in the following Figure.
2rl
Area per pole A 
p
A
 p
Flux density B 
A 2rl
Ic
Ia
Current / conductor is I c 
a
Ia
The force on a conductor is fc  B l
a

I  p Ia
The torque developed by a conductor is Tc  f c r  B l a r 
a 2 a

ZpI a E I
The total torque developed is Te   K a I a  a a
2a m

26 ELEC 312 12/16/2021

Example 1: A lap wound armature is used in a 6-pole dc machine and 72
coils on the armature each containing 12 turns. The flux per pole in the
machine is 0.039 Wb and the machine rotates at 400 rpm; (a) How many
current paths are there in the machine, (b) What is its induced voltage (c)
Find the emf per conductor
Solution (a):
A=P=6

(b) Number of conductors Z = 2x No. of Coils x No. of

Turns per coil
= 2 x 72 x 12 = 1728
conductors

nPZ 400x6 x0.039x1728

Ec    449.28V
60 A 60 x6
Conductor per parallel path= 1728/6 = 288
Emf per conductor = 449.28/288 = 1.56 V
27 ELEC 312 12/16/2021
Example 2: A 12 pole dc generator has a wave wound armature containing 144 coils of
10 turns each. The resistance of each turn is 0.011 ohm. Its flux per pole is 0.05 Wb.,
and it is running at a speed of 200 rpm.
(a) How many current paths are there in the machine?
(b) What is the induced emf?
(c) What is the effective armature resistance of this machine?
(d) If a 1 kohm resistor is connected to the terminals of this generator, what is the
resulting induced torque?

Answers: (a) 2, (b) 2880 (c) Ra = 3.96 Ohm (d) 396 Nm

nPZ 200 * 0.05 *12 * 2880

(b) E    2880V
60a 60 * 2
(c) There are two parallel paths; each one consisting of Z/2 = 1440 conductors
or 1440/2 = 720 turn. Therefore, the resistance per parallel path = 720 * 0.011
= 7.92 ohms and hence the effective resistance is parallel equivalent = 7.92/2
= 3.96 ohm 2880
(d ) I a   2.8686 A
1000  3.96
E * I a 2880 * 2.8686
T   396 Nm
28  2 *  * 200 / 60 ELEC 312 12/16/2021
 EXAMPLE 3
A four-pole dc machine has an armature of radius 12.5 cm and an
effective length of 25 cm. The poles cover 75% of the armature
periphery. The armature winding consists of 33 coils, each coil having
seven turns. The coils are accommodated in 33 slots. The average flux
density under each pole is 0.75T.
1) If the armature is lap-wound,
a) Determine the armature constant Ka.
b) Determine the induced armature voltage when the armature
rotates at 1000 rpm.
c) Determine the current in the coil and the electromagnetic
torque developed when the armature current is 400 A.
d) Determine the power developed by the armature.
2) If the armature is wave-wound, repeat parts (a) to (d) above. The
current rating of the coils remains the same as in the lap-wound
armature.

29 ELEC 312 12/16/2021

 Solution
1. Lap-wound dc machine  a=p=4
Z  2   Number of Coils    Number of turns/coil 
 2  33  7
 462

Zp 462  4
(a) Ka    73.53
2a 2  4
(b) Pole area:
2rl 2  0.125  0.25  0.75
Ap   75%   36.8 10 3 m 2
p 4
  BAp  0.75  36.8  10 3  0.0276 Wb
1000  2
Ea  K a m  73.53  0.0276   212.5V
60
30 ELEC 312 12/16/2021
 I a 400
(c) I coil    100 A
a 4
T  K a I a  73.53  0.0276  400  811 .8 Nm

(d) Pa  Ea I a  212.5  400  85.0 kW

or
1000
Pa  Tm  811.8   2  85.0 kW
60

2. Wave-wound dc machine  p=4, a=2, Z=462

Zp 462  4
(a) Ka    147.06
2a 2  2
1000  2
m   104.67 rad/sec
60
31 ELEC 312 12/16/2021
 (b) Ea  K a m  147.06  0.0276  104.67  425V

(c) Coil current is the same: I coil  100 A

I a  aI coil  2 100  200 A
T  K a I a  147.06  0.0276  200  811.8 Nm

(d) Pa  Ea I a  425  200  85.0 kW

Notice that for the same coil current, both the lap- and wave-
wound machines produce the same torque and power

32 ELEC 312 12/16/2021

CHAPTER CONTENT
1 • Introduction
2 • Construction
3 • Principle of Operation
4 • Classification
5 • Magnetization Curve
6 • Equations
7 • Power Flow & Efficiency
8 • Torque-Speed Characteristics
9 • Starting

33 ELEC 312 12/16/2021

Classification of DC Machines

Separately
excited Shunt Long Short
Shunt Shunt

DC Machine Self-excited
Series
Cumulative Differential

Permanent
magnet Compound

34 ELEC 312 12/16/2021

 Classification of DC Machines
Field Armature Field Field
Armature Armature

Separately excited Shunt Series

A1 A1
ff fs ff fs

S1 S2 S1 S2
F1 F2 F1 F2

A2 A2

Long-shunt
Short-shunt
Shunt across Motor operation Shunt across supply
armature Generator operation
35 ELEC 312 12/16/2021
Filed Windings
 Shunt Winding-Connected in parallel with the armature.
 Shunt winding has large number of turns (high voltage
winding, because it is connected in parallel with the
armature)
 The current through the shunt windings is about 5% of the
rated armature current. (thin wires)
 Series Windings-Connected in series with the armature.
 Series windings has small number of turns (carries high
current, thick wires)

36 ELEC 312 12/16/2021

Short Shunt
 In short shunt connection the shunt field is connected
directly across the armature terminals.
 In this instance the load current flows through the series
field winding so that the load current and series field
current are one and same.

37 ELEC 312 12/16/2021

Long Shunt
 In long shunt connection the voltage across the shunt field
is the same as the terminal voltage of the generator and
current in the armature will be the current in the series
field.
 The armature current equals the shunt field current plus
the load current.

38 ELEC 312 12/16/2021

Magnetization (or Saturation) Curve
q-axis The mmf’s produced by the field circuit and
d-axis the armature circuit are in quadrature.

Field
Armature

q-axis
d-axis

Armature mmf
Field mmf

fa Armature mmf
F Saturation

Field mmf Linear

ff Flux-mmf relation in
a dc machine

Fp
39 ELEC 312 12/16/2021
Magnetization (or Saturation)ECurve
Magnetization curve a
F
Speed wm
Saturation
Ea  K a   m
Linear
0.5 wm
Flux-mmf relation in
a dc machine

If N f If

The magnetizing curve is obtained experimentally by

rotating the dc machine at a given speed and measuring the
open-circuit armature terminal voltage as the current in the
field winding is changed.

Magnetization Represents the saturation level in the magnetic

Curve system of the dc machine for various values of
excitation mmf .
40 ELEC 312 12/16/2021
CHAPTER CONTENT
1 • Introduction
2 • Construction
3 • Principle of Operation
4 • Classification
5 • Magnetization Curve
6 • Equations
7 • Power Flow & Efficiency
8 • Torque-Speed Characteristics
9 • Starting

52 ELEC 312 12/16/2021

 DC Motors Equations
Separately Excited DC Motor
It
+
Vf  Rf I f
Ia
Ra
Ea  Vt  I a Ra
Rfw
Vt
wm E a  K a  m
Rfc
-
If
+ Vf - Te  K a I a
 Rfw: resistance of field winding.
 Rfc: resistance of control rheostat used in field circuit.
 Rff=Rfw
fw
+Rfcfc: total field resistance
 Ra: resistance of armature circuit, including the effect of brushes. Sometimes Ra
is shown as the resistance of armature winding alone; the brush-contact voltage
drop is considered separately and is usually assumed to be about 2V.
53 ELEC 312 12/16/2021
DC Motors Equations
Shunt or Self-Excited DC Motor

If
It V f  R f I f  Vt
Ia +

Rfc
Ra Ea  Vt  I a Ra
Rfw +
Vt
E a  K a  m
wm
-
Te  K a I a
- Ia  It  I f

54 ELEC 312 12/16/2021

DC Motor Equations
Series DC Motor

Ia It
+
Vt  Ea  I a ( Ra  Rs )
Ra
Rs It  Ia  I f
+
Vt
Ea
- E a  K a  s m
-
Te  K a  s I t

55 ELEC 312 12/16/2021

DC Motor Equations
Compound DC Motor
If It If
It
Ia + Ia +
Ra Ra
Rfc Rfc
Rs Rs
+ +
Vt Vt
Ea Ea
Rfw Short Long
- Rfw -
Shunt - Shunt -

Vt  Ea  I a Ra  I t Rs E a  K a   sh   s   m Vt  Ea  I a  Ra  Rs 
It  Ia  I f It  Ia  I f
Ea  I a Ra Vt
If    If 
Rf Rf
Cumulative Differential
Ea  K a ( sh   s )m Ea  K a ( sh   s )m
56 ELEC 312 12/16/2021
CHAPTER CONTENT
1 • Introduction
2 • Construction
3 • Principle of Operation
4 • Classification
5 • Magnetization Curve
6 • Equations
7 • Power Flow & Efficiency
8 • Torque-Speed Characteristics
9 • Starting

57 ELEC 312 12/16/2021

Losses in a DC machine
 Copper Losses (I2R loss)- In All windings
 Core Losses in Core
 Brush Losses
 Mechanical Losses
 Stray Load Losses

58 ELEC 312 12/16/2021

 Power Flow and Efficiency
DC Motor Power Flow

Pinput = Pelectrical  Vt I t Va I t Va I a Ea I a Poutput= Pmech= Pshaft

2
I 2f R f I a2 Ra Rotational
IR
t s
Losses (mechanical)
DC Motor Efficiency
Poutput Pinput  Losses Compound Motor
  If It It
Pinput Pinput
+
Ia
Vt I t   I R  Rotational Losses
2 Rfc Ra
 Rs
Vt I t +
Vt
Ea
Ea I a  Rotational Losses Rfw
 - Va
Vt I t -

59 ELEC 312 12/16/2021

Example 4
 A 500 V dc shunt motor takes 4 A on no-load. The
armature resistance including that of the brushes is 0.2 Ω
and the field resistance is 250 Ω. The field current is 1 A.
Compute efficiency when the input current is 20 A and
100 A.
If It
Input =Vt *It Ia
Ra
+
R
= 500*20 = 10 kW fc
Rfw +
Vt
Losses= Copper losses and fixed losses wm
-
-

60 ELEC 312 12/16/2021

 Armature copper loss = Ia2 *Ra = (20-1)2*0.2 = 72.2 W
 Field copper loss = If2 *Rf = (1)2*250 =250W
 Fixed losses (mechanical and core losses)= no-load losses
= No-load input – no-load copper loss = 500*4 – (4-
1)2*0.2 = 1998.2 W
 Total losses = 1998.2+250+72.2 = 2320.4 W
 Efficiency = output/(output + losses) = (Input –
Losses)/Input = (10000-2320.4)/10000 = 76.8%

61 ELEC 312 12/16/2021

 EXAMPLE 5
The dc machine (12 kW, 100 V, 1000 rpm) is connected to a 100 V dc
supply and is operated as a DC-shunt motor. At no-load condition, the
motor runs at 1000 rpm, and the armature takes 6 A. The field winding
resistance is Rfw=80 . Given the armature resistance as Ra = 0.1 Ω. The
magnetization characteristic at 1000 rpm is shown in next slide.
a) Find the value of the shunt field control rheostat resistance (Rfc).
b) Find the rotational losses at 1000 rpm.
c) Find the speed, electromagnetic torque, and efficiency of the motor
when rated current (Ia=120A) flows in the armature.
i. Consider that the air gap flux remains the same as that at no
load.
ii. Consider that the air gap flux is reduced by 5% when rated
current flows in the armature because of armature reaction.
d) Find the starting torque if the starting armature current is limited to
150% of its rated value.
i. Neglect armature reaction.
ii. Consider armature reaction, If(AR) =0.16 A.
62 ELEC 312 12/16/2021
63 ELEC 312 12/16/2021
 Solution
If Ia It +
Rfc Ra
Rfw +
Vt
wm
-
-

64 ELEC 312 12/16/2021

65 ELEC 312 12/16/2021
 Note that the speed increases if flux decreases, because of
armature reaction.
T m  E a I a

66 ELEC 312 12/16/2021

 Pin  Vt I t  Vt  I a  I f 

 100  120  0.99

 12,099 W

Pout  Tm  Protational

Assuming that
 108.21 97.59  596.4 rotational losses do
not change with
 9964 W speed.

9964
Eff   82.35%
12,099
67 ELEC 312 12/16/2021
 If armature reaction is neglected, the flux condition
under load can be obtained from the no-load
condition.

I a , start  150%  I a ,rated  1.5 120  180 A

1000  2
Ea| NL  99.4 V  K a m  K a 
60

K a   0.949 V/rad/sec

Tstart  K a I a , start  0.949  180  170.82 Nm

68 ELEC 312 12/16/2021

 With armature reaction
I f ( eff )  I f  I f ( AR )
 0.99  0.16  0.83 A
From the magnetization
curve the corresponding
generated voltage is:

Ea  93.5 V   K a m  at 1000 rpm

93.5
Ka   0.893 V/rad/sec
1000  2 / 60
Tstart  K a I start  0.893 180  160.71 Nm
Notice that the armature reaction effect has reduced the
starting torque of the machine
69 ELEC 312 12/16/2021
Example-6
 When running on no-load a 400 V dc shunt motor takes 5
A. Armature resistance is 0.5 Ω and field resistance of 200
Ω. Determine the output and the motor efficiency when
running on full load and taking a current of 50 A.

 Answer: 16852.5 W and 84.26%

70 ELEC 312 12/16/2021

CHAPTER CONTENT
1 • Introduction
2 • Construction
3 • Principle of Operation
4 • Classification
5 • Magnetization Curve
6 • Equations
7 • Power Flow & Efficiency
8 • Torque-Speed Characteristics
9 • Starting

71 ELEC 312 12/16/2021

Speed-Torque Characteristics
Separately excited & Shunt motors
( is independent of the load torque )
Ia

Vt  Ea  I a Ra Vt  I a Ra
m 
Ea  K a   m Ka

T  K a I a
m
Vt
Ka
Ra
Vt Ra Slope
Therefore, m   T ( K a ) 2
K a  ( K a ) 2

T
72 ELEC 312 12/16/2021
Torque-Speed Characteristics
Series motors
Ea  K a m

Neglecting saturation   K1 I f  K1 I a
E a  K a K 1 I a m  K s I a  m

Ea  Vt  I a ( Ra  Rs )
Vt R  Rs
m   a
Ks Ia Ks
But T  K a I a  K a K1 I a2  K s I a2

Vt 1 Ra  Rs
m  
Ks T Ks

73 ELEC 312 12/16/2021

Torque-Speed Characteristics
Compound motors
Cumulative Compound

ATt  ATshunt  ATseries

Differential Compound

t   shunt   series
Shunt motor

Vt Ra
m   T
K at ( K at ) 2

74 ELEC 312 12/16/2021

Example 7: A 10hp, 115V Dc series motor takes 40A at its full load speed of
1800rpm. What is the torque at 30A?

Solution

2N 2 1800  T  K aI a  K a K1I f I a

   188rad / s
60 60 I f  Ia
 746W 
P  10hp     7.46kW T  Ks Ia2
 hp 
T 39.6
Ks    0.025
P  T Ia 2
 40 2

P 7.46kW
T   39.6 N  m Tnew  K s I anew 2   0.025 30 2  22.2 N  m
 188rad / s

75 ELEC 312 12/16/2021

 Example 8-A 220V DC shunt motor draws 10A at 1800 rpm. The armature resistance
is 0.2 and field winding resistance is 440.
(a) What is the torque?
Solution
VT 220V
IF    0.5 A
RF 440 2n 2 1800 
   188rad / s
60 60
I A  I L  I F  10 A  0.5 A  9.5 A P 2.07kW
T   11 .0 N  m
 188rad / s
E  VT  I A R A  220V   9.5 A 0.2   218V

P  EI A   218V  9.5 A  2.07kW

(b) What will be the speed and line current at a torque of 20 N-m (if field current is constant)?

Solution E  K A I L  I A  I F  17.3 A  0.5 A  17.8 A

E 218V E  VT  I A RA  220V  17.3 0.2   217V
K A    1.16
 188rad / s
E 217V
T  K AI A    187rad / s
K A 1.16
T 20 N  m 60
IA    17.3 A N  1.79  10 3 rpm
76 K A 1.16 2ELEC 312 12/16/2021
Speed Control of DC motors
 Looking at the speed relationship:
Vt Ra
m   T
K a  ( K a ) 2

 The speed can be varied by;

 Varying the terminal voltage (Vt)-Armature Voltage Control
 Varying the flux-Field Control
 By varying the armature resistance-Armature resistance control (Ra)
 Note: Base speed: Speed at rated voltage
 0 to base speed (Voltage or ra control)-
 [constant Torque region]
 Above base speed field control [Constant
 Power region]

77 ELEC 312 12/16/2021

Armature Voltage Control
 Ra and If is kept constant (at rated value), armature
terminal voltage Vt is varied to change the speed
 m  K1Vt  K 2T
1 Ra
K1  ; K2 
K a  K a 2

 The no-load speed changes

 Speed can be controlled from
 0 to base speed smoothly
 Requires variable dc source (expensive)

78 ELEC 312 12/16/2021

Field Control
 In this method Ra and the Vt remains fixed and the speed
is controlled by varying If of the field circuit.
 This is achieved by using a field rheostat.
 If linear relation is assumed, flux is proportional to If.
 If the field circuit breaks while machine Vt Ra
m   T
K a  ( K a ) 2
 Is running then speed will be
Vt Ra
  T
 dangerously high K f I f (K f I f ) 2

For No load T  0
Vt
m 
KfIf

79 ELEC 312 12/16/2021

 FIGURE 4.53 Field control.
80 ELEC 312 12/16/2021
Armature Resistance Control

81 ELEC 312 12/16/2021

Armature Resistance Control
 No load speed doe not change.

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EXAMPLE 9
A variable-speed drive system uses a dc motor that is supplied from
a variable-voltage source.
The torque and power profiles are shown in Fig. 4.53d (next slide).
The drive speed is varied from 0 to 1500 rpm (base speed) by
varying the terminal voltage from 0 to 500V with the field current
maintained constant.
a) Determine the motor armature current if the torque is held
constant at 300 N m up to the base speed.
b) The speed beyond the base speed is obtained by field weakening
while the armature voltage is held constant at 500 V. Determine
the torque available at a speed of 3000 rpm if the armature
current is held constant at the value obtained in part (a). Neglect
all losses.

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 Considering very small
armature resistance

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EXAMPLE 10
A 220 V, 7 hp series motor is mechanically coupled to a fan and
draws 25 amps and runs at 300 rpm when connected to a 220 V
supply with no external resistance connected to the armature circuit
(i.e., Rae=0). The torque required by the fan is proportional to the
square of the speed.
Ra=0.6 Ω and Rsr=0.4 Ω. Neglect armature reaction and rotational
loss.
a) Determine the power delivered to the fan and the torque
developed by the machine.
b) The speed is to be reduced to 200 rpm by inserting a resistance
(Rae) in the armature circuit. Determine the value of this
resistance and the power delivered to the fan.

85 ELEC 312 12/16/2021

 Ea|300  Vt  I a|300  Ra  Rsr  Rae 

 220  25 0.6  0.4  0 

 195 V

P|300  Ea|300 I a|300  195  25  4880 W

P|W
4880
P|hp    6.54 hp
746 746

Ea|300 I a|300 4880

T|300    155.2 Nm
m 300  2 / 60

86 ELEC 312 12/16/2021

 (b) We find the additional armature resistance Rae from
the series-motor speed-torque expression:
Vt 1 Ra  Rs  Rae
m|200  
Ks T|200 Ks

T|300 155.2
T|300  K I 2
s a|300  Ks    0.248
I a2|300 25 2

Based on the fan characteristic, we know that: T  m2

2 2
T|200  200   200 
    T|200    155.2  68.98 Nm
T|300  300   300 

87 ELEC 312 12/16/2021

 Vt 1 Ra  Rs  Rae
m|200  
Ks T|200 Ks

200  2 200 1 0.6  0.4  Rae

 
60 0.248 68.98 0.248

Rae  7

200  2
P  Tm  68.98   1444 W
60
Usually we express
P|W 1444
mechanical power in P|hp    1.94 hp
Horse Power (hp) 746 746
88 ELEC 312 12/16/2021
 T|200 68.98
or T|200  K I  I a|200    16.68 A
2
s a|200
Ks 0.248
200  2
Ea|200  K s I a|200m|200  0.248 16.68   86.57 V
60

Ea|200  Vt  I a  Ra  Rsr  Rae 

Vt  Ea|200
Rae   Ra  Rsr
I a|200
220  86.57
  0.6  0.4  7
16.68

P200  Ea|200 I a|200  86.57  16.86  1444 W  1.94 hp

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CHAPTER CONTENT
1 • Introduction
2 • Construction
3 • Principle of Operation
4 • Classification
5 • Magnetization Curve
6 • Equations
7 • Power Flow & Efficiency
8 • Torque-Speed Characteristics
9 • Starting

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 Starting of DC Machine
If a d.c. motor is directly connected to a
d.c. power supply, the starting current will
be dangerously high.
Vt  Ea
Ia  at starting   0  Ea  0
Ra
Vt
 Ia Starting 
Ra
Since Ra is small, the starting
current is very large.
The starting current can be limited
by the following methods:
1. Use a variable-voltage supply.
2. Insert an external resistance at
start, as shown in the Figure.

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Manual Starter of Shunt Motor
Starting
3 resistor
2 4
1
Off 5
Holding
coil

L+ A F L-
starter

A1 F1

DC
Motor

A2 F2
Manual Starter for shunt motor
Source: Dr. Lazhar BEN-BRAHIM
92 ELEC 312 12/16/2021
93 ELEC 312 12/16/2021
 EXAMPLE 11

A 25hp 240V, 860rpm dc motor, has an armature

resistance of 0.8 and an efficiency of 89%.
Determine:
1.The starting current.
2.To reduce the starting current to 150% of
rated current a starter (a resistor) is added to
the armature what is the value of this resistor.

94 ELEC 312 12/16/2021

 Solution

1) The starting current is calculate as follows:

VL 240
I astarting    300A
ra 0. 8
2) To limit the starting current to 150% the rated current we
need to insert an additional resistance which is determined
as follows:
Pinrated Poutrated 25  746
I arated     87.3 A
VL ηVL 0.89  240
I astarting  1.5  I arated  1.5  87.3  130.95 A

VL 240
Rstarter   RA   0.8  1.03Ω
1.5 I arated 1.5  87.3
95 ELEC 312 12/16/2021
 EXAMPLE 10
A 10 kW, 100 V, 1000 rpm dc machine has Ra =0.1
Ω and is connected to a 100 V dc supply.
a) Determine the starting current if no starting
resistance is used in the armature circuit.
b) Determine the value of the starting resistance if
the starting current is limited to twice the rated
current.
c) This dc machine is to be run as a motor, using a
starter box. Determine the values of resistances
required in the starter box such that the armature
current Ia is constrained within 100 to 200% of
its rated value (i.e., 1 to 2 pu) during start-up.

96 ELEC 312 12/16/2021

 (c) An arrangement of the resistances
in the starter box is shown in Fig.
E4.10a, where Rae1, Rae2,...
represent total resistances of the
box for positions 1, 2,...,
respectively. The handle will be
moved to a new position when Ia
decreases to 100 A (rated armature
current). The variation of current Ia
and speed n with time is shown in
Fig. E4.10b. Rae1. From part (b) the
total resistance in starter box is:
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98 ELEC 312 12/16/2021
99 ELEC 312 12/16/2021
 The negative value of Rae4 indicates that it is not required—
that is, Rae4 =0. At T =t+4 (i.e., after the handle is moved to
position 4), the armature current without any resistance in
the box will not exceed 200 A. In fact, the value of Ia when
the handle is moved to position 4 at t=t4 is:

100 ELEC 312 12/16/2021

101 ELEC 312 12/16/2021
END of DC Machine

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