IP Addressing/Subnetting

Simplified
Brian Sterck
May 6, 2005
 Class A
Subnetting

Options
 Class B
Subnetting

Options
 Class C
Subnetting

Options
Brain Benders
More Tools…
 Practical Example
VLSM Exercise 1
192.168.20.0 /24

Internet

14 Nodes

17 Nodes
14 Nodes

10 Nodes
6 Nodes

23 Nodes

19 Nodes
Do we have enough addresses?

• How many addresses have been

allocated?

• How many are needed?

 Address Allocation
• Total Address Needed:

LANs = 14+10+19+23+6+17+14 = 103

WANs = 4+4+4+4+4+4 = 24

Total = 103 + 24 = 127

Understanding IP Requirements
• Subnetworks on the LAN/WAN need to be
issued using perfect powers of 2
• 22 = 4
• 23 = 8
• 24 = 16
• 25 = 32
• 26 = 64
• 27 = 128
 Scaling Subnets
• With a requirement of 23 nodes…
• The next perfect power of 2 that meets this
need = 32
• 25 = 32 5 host bits needed
• Last Octet is then represented as:
– A.B.C.NNNHHHHH N=Network H=Host
– 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000
 Subnetting Examples
SubnetMask SubnetMask # Hosts
255.255.255.0 /24 256 (254)
255.255.255.128 /25 128 (126)
255.255.255.192 /26 64 (62)
255.255.255.224 /27 32 (30)
255.255.255.240 /28 16 (14)
255.255.255.248 /29 8 (6)
255.255.255.252 /30 4 (2)
 Practical Example
VLSM Exercise 1
192.168.20.0 /24

/28 Internet

14 Nodes
/27

/30 17 Nodes
/30
14 Nodes

/28

/30 /30 /30

10 Nodes
/30 6 Nodes
/28
/29

23 Nodes

/27

19 Nodes
/27
 Address Allocation
• Total Addresses Needed:

LANs = 16+16+32+32+8+32+16 = 152

= /28 + /28 + /27 + /27 + /29 + /27 + /28 = 152
WANs = 4+4+4+4+4+4 = 24
= /30 + /30 + /30 + /30 + /30 + /30 = 24
Total = 103 + 52 = 157
 Reference Points
• Use numbers, symbols, letters to represent
each LAN / WAN link
• Use some consistent method for assignment
– Size of Subnetwork 1
– Location
– Zone or Distribution Point A1
Assign Reference Points
VLSM Exercise 1
192.168.20.0 /24

5 /28 Internet

14 Nodes
/27 3

/30 17 Nodes
14 Nodes
/30 10
12
4 /28 8 13
11
/30 /30 /30
10 Nodes
/30 6 Nodes
6 /28 9
/29 7
23 Nodes

/27 1

19 Nodes
/27
2
 Subnetting Options
/24

/25 /25

/26 /26 /26 /26

/27 /27 /27 /27 /27 /27 /27 /27

/28 /28

/29 /29 /29 /29

/30 /30 /30 /30 /30 /30 /30 /30

 Subnetting Options (cont.)
/24

/25 /25

/26 /26 /26 /26

/27 /27 /27 /27 /27 /27 /27 /27

/30 /30 /30 /30 /30 /30 /30 /30

 VLSM and Routing Protocols
• Does your routing protocol support varying
the length of the subnet mask from one
interface to another?
• Can you re-subnet a subnet differently
from one interface to another and still
advertise that subnetwork via RIPv1,
RIPv2, OSPF, EIGRP, ISIS, BGP?
 Routing Protocols
• Supporting VLSM
– RIP version 2
– EIGRP
– OSPF
– ISIS
• Not Supporting VLSM
– IGRP
– RIP version 1
 Which Routing Protocols will
advertise all Networks correctly?
Internet Service Provider

Point-to-Point
PPP 512k Link
192.168.16.0 /30
.129
.2 .1 .9
Frame-Relay
Service
T1 Link .17
.18
192.168.16.8 /30

192.168.65.128 /26
ISDN Cloud
128K

.130 192.168.16.16 /30

.10
192.168.64.0 /25 192.168.64.128 /25 192.168.33.96/27
.129
.1
.193 192.168.33.128 /27
.97
.129
192.168.65.192 /26 .65

192.168.32.64 /26
 Non-VLSM capable Routing
Protocols will work just fine!
Internet Service Provider

Point-to-Point
PPP 512k Link
192.168.16.0 /30
.129
.2 .1 .9
Frame-Relay
Service
T1 Link .17
.18
192.168.16.8 /30

192.168.65.128 /26
ISDN Cloud
128K

.130 192.168.16.16 /30

.10
192.168.64.0 /25 192.168.64.128 /25 192.168.33.96/27
.129
.1 192.168.33.128 /27
.193
.97
.129
192.168.65.192 /26 .65

192.168.32.64 /26

Same Major Network = 192.168.33.0 /24

 VLSM Exercise 1
192.168.20.0 /24

5 /28 Internet

14 Nodes
/27 3

/30 17 Nodes
/30 10
14 Nodes
12
4 /28 8 13
11
/30 /30 /30
10 Nodes
/30 6 Nodes
6 /28 9
/29 7
23 Nodes

/27 1

19 Nodes
/27
2
 Problem!
• The 192.168.20.0 /24 network gives us:
– 1 Network
– 254 Nodes Available for Assignment

• 13 Subnetworks Required
• Network Demands range from 4 – 32
nodes per LAN / WAN segment
 Start Subnetting

192.168.20.0 255.255.255.0

00000000
 Subnetting

192.168.20.0 255.255.255.0

00000000
3
2 =8
5
Largest Network required = /27
32 Nodes
2 = 32
 Subnetting

192.168.20.0 255.255.255.0

3
00000000
2 =8
Net Host

5
Largest Network required = /27
32 Nodes
2 = 32
Box Diagram Alternate
192.168.20.0 /24

.0

.255
 Address Range
192.168.20.0 /24

.0

.255
 192.168.20.0 /24

.0

.127

.128

.255
 192.168.20.0 /24

.0

.127

.128

.255
 /24

/25 /25
 192.168.20.0 /24

.0

/25

126
Nodes
.127

.128

/25

126
Nodes
.255
 192.168.20.0 /24

.0

/25

126
Nodes
.127

.128 .192

/26 /26

62 Nodes 62 Nodes

.191 .255
 /24

/25 /25

/26 /26
 192.168.20.0 /24

.0

/25

126
Nodes
.127

.128 .192

/27 /26
30 Nodes
.159

.160

/27 62 Nodes
30 Nodes .255
.191
 192.168.20.0 /24

.0

.127

.128 .192

.159

.160

.191 .255
 /24

/25 /25

/26 /26

/27 /27
 /30

23 Nodes

1
/27

19 Nodes
/27

2
 192.168.20.0 /24

.0

/25

126
Nodes
.127

.128 .192

1
/27
/26
30 Nodes .159

.160

/27 62 Nodes
30 Nodes .255
.191
 192.168.20.0 /24

.0

/25

126
Nodes
.127

.128 .192

1
/27
/26
30 Nodes .159

.160

2 /27
62 Nodes
30 Nodes .191 .255
 192.168.20.0 /24

.0

/25

126
Nodes
.127

.128 .192
/27 3
/27
1

30 Nodes 30 Nodes
.159 .223

.160 .224

2 /27 /27

30 Nodes 30 Nodes
.191 .255
 VLSM Exercise 1
192.168.20.0 /24

Internet
5 /28
14 Nodes
/27 3

/30 17 Nodes
/30 10
14 Nodes
12
4 /28 8 13
11
/30 /30 /30
10 Nodes
/30 6 Nodes
6 /28 9
/29 7
23 Nodes

/27 1

19 Nodes
/27
2
 192.168.20.0 /24

.0

/25

126
Nodes
.127

.128 .192
/27 3
/27
1

30 Nodes 30 Nodes
.159 .223

.160 .224 .240

/27 /28
2
4 /28
30 Nodes 14 Nodes
.191 .239 .255
 192.168.20.0 /24
.64
.0

/27

/26 .95

.96

/27
.63 .127

.128 .192
/27 3
/27
1

30 Nodes 30 Nodes
.159 .223

.160 .224 .240

/27 /28
2
4 /28
30 Nodes 14 Nodes
.191 .239 .255
 192.168.20.0 /24
.64 .80
.0
/28 /28
5 6
14 Nodes 14 Nodes
.79 .95
/26
.96

/27
.63 .127

.128 .192
/27 3
/27
1

30 Nodes 30 Nodes
.159 .223

.160 .224 .240

/27 /28
2
4 /28
14 Nodes
30 Nodes .191 .239 .255
 192.168.20.0 /24
.64 .80
.0
/28 /28
5 6
14 Nodes 14 Nodes
.79 .95
/26
.96 .112
7 /29
.103
.104
/28
/29
.63 .111 .127

.128 .192
/27 3
/27
1

30 Nodes 30 Nodes
.159 .223

.160 .224 .240

/27 /28
2
4 /28
14 Nodes
30 Nodes .191 .239 .255
 192.168.20.0 /24
.64 .80
.0
/28 /28
5 6
14 Nodes 14 Nodes
.79 .95
/26
.96 .112 .116
7 /29 /30 /30
.103 .115 .119

.104 .108 .120 .124

/30 /30 /30 /30
.63 .107 .111 .123 .127

.128 .192
/27 3
/27
1

30 Nodes 30 Nodes
.159 .223

.160 .224 .240

/27 /28
2
4 /28
14 Nodes
30 Nodes .191 .239 .255
 192.168.20.0 /24
.64 .80
.0
/28 /28
5 6
14 Nodes 14 Nodes
.79 .95
/26
.96 .112 /30 .116 /30
7 /29
.103 10 .115 11.119

.104 .108 .120 .124 /30

/30 /30 /30
.63 8 .107 9 .111 12 .123 13 .127

.128 .192
/27 3
/27
1

30 Nodes 30 Nodes
.159 .223

.160 .224 .240

/27 /28
2
4 /28
14 Nodes
30 Nodes .191 .239 .255
 VLSM Exercise 1
192.168.20.0 /24

5 /28 Internet

14 Nodes
/27 3

/30 17 Nodes
/30 10
14 Nodes
12
4 /28 8 13
11
/30 /30 /30
10 Nodes
/30 6 Nodes
6 /28 9
/29 7
23 Nodes

/27 1

19 Nodes
/27
2
 Future Expansion Danger
• Note the three locations with the and

• If we need to add a network printer or visitor

with laptop, the IP addressing scheme will have
to be modified.
• This results in downtime and careful migration
planning

There must be a better way!

 192.168.20.0 /24

.0

/25

126 Nodes

.127

.128 .192 .208

/28
1
/27
4 /28
30 Nodes .159
14 Nodes
.207 .223

.160 .224 .240

2
/27
/28 /28
30 Nodes .191 .239 .255
 192.168.20.0 /24

.0

/25

126 Nodes

.127

.128 .192 .208

/28
1
/27
4 /28
30 Nodes .159
14 Nodes
.207 .223

.160 .224 .240

2
/27
/28 /28
30 Nodes .191 .239 .255
 192.168.20.0 /24

.0

/25

126 Nodes

.127

.128 .192 .208

/28
1
/27
4 /28
30 Nodes .159
14 Nodes
.207 .223

.160 .224 /29 .240

2
/27 6
.231
.232
/28
30 Nodes /29
.191 .239 .255
 192.168.20.0 /24

.0

/25

126 Nodes

.127

.128 .192 .208

/28
1
/27
4 /28
30 Nodes .159
14 Nodes
.207 .223

.160 .224 /29 .240

6
2
/27 .231
.232
/28
/29
30 Nodes .191 .239 .255
 192.168.20.0 /24

.0 .64

/27
.95
/26
.96

/27
3

.63
30 Nodes .127

.128 .192 .208

/28
1
/27
4 /28
30 Nodes .159
14 Nodes
.207 .223

.160 .224 /29 .240

6
2 /27 .231
.232
/28
/29
30 Nodes .191 .239 .255
 192.168.20.0 /24

.64 .80 /29

.0 7
.87
/28
.88

.79
/29 .95
/26
.96

/27
3

.63
30 Nodes .127

.128 .192 .208

/28
1
/27
4 /28
30 Nodes .159
14 Nodes
.207 .223

.160 .224 /29 .240

6
2 /27 .231
.232
/28
/29
30 Nodes .191 .239 .255
 192.168.20.0 /24

.64 .80 /29

.0 7
.87
/27 /28
.88

.31 .79
/29 .95
.32 .48 .96

/27
3
5 /28
14 Nodes 30 Nodes
.47 .63 .127

.128 .192 .208

/28
1
/27
4 /28
30 Nodes .159
14 Nodes
.207 .223

.160 .224 /29 .240

6
2 /27 .231
.232
/28
/29
30 Nodes .191 .239 .255
 192.168.20.0 /24

.64 .80 /29

.0 7
.87
/27 /28
.88

.31 .79
/29 .95
.32 .48 .96

/27
3
5 /28
14 Nodes 30 Nodes
.47 .63 .127

.128 .192 .208

/28
1
/27
4 /28
30 Nodes .159
14 Nodes
.207 .223

.160 .224 .240 .244

6 /29
2 /27 .231
8 9 .247
.243
.232 .248
/29 /29
30 Nodes .191 .239 .255
 192.168.20.0 /24

.0 .4 .64 .68 .80 /29

10 7
13 /30
.7
.3
/28 .67 .71 .87
.8 .12 .72 .88
11 12 /29
.15 .31 .79
/29 .95
.11
.32 .48 .96

/27
3
5 /28
14 Nodes 30 Nodes
.47 .63 .127

.128 .192 .208

/28
1
/27
4 /28
30 Nodes .159
14 Nodes
.207 .223

.160 .224 .240 .244

6 /29
2 /27 .231
8 9 .247
.243
.232 .248
/29 /29
30 Nodes .191 .239 .255
 VLSM Exercise 1
192.168.20.0 /24

5 /28 Internet

14 Nodes
/27 3

/30 17 Nodes
/30 10
14 Nodes
12
4 /28 8 13
11
/30 /30 /30
10 Nodes
/30 6 Nodes
6 /28 9
/29 7
23 Nodes

Summary Address /27 1

192.168.20.128 /25

19 Nodes
/27
2
 VLSM Exercise 1
192.168.20.0 /24

5 /28 Internet

14 Nodes
/27 3

/30 17 Nodes
/30 10
14 Nodes
12
4 /28 8 13
11
/30 /30 /30
10 Nodes
/30 6 Nodes
6 /28 9
/29 7
23 Nodes

Summary Address /27 1

192.168.20.128 /25

19 Nodes Summary Address

/27 192.168.20.64 /26
2