K. K.

WAGH POLYTECHNIC, NASHIK

Department: Electrical Engineering
Academic Year: 2021- 22
Subject: Industrial AC Machine

Guided by: H. M. Kakad

 IAM MICROPROJECT

Topic of microproject:
Study the fault analysis of three phase alternator
Content:
1.Title of microproject
2.Literature Review
3.Introduction to alternator.
4.Alternator Diagram
5.Introduction to 3-phase fault.
6.Abstract
7.Types of faults in 3-phase system
8.Hardware Components
9.Conclusion
Literature Review
The demand of electrical power is increasing day by day for households, agricultural, commercial,
industry sectors etc. This paper is developed in order to maintain that electrical power required by these
sectors, as in an electrical system, due to line to ground (L-G), line to line fault (L-L), three lines (LLL)
various fault occurs. In this paper it has been discussed how to overcome this problem and for this a
system is built, which has an auto reclosing mechanism of disconnecting the supply to avoid large scale
damage to the control gears, load or manpower in the grid sub-stations. In this way a tripping
mechanism is made in order to curb temporary and permanent faults.
Introduction to alternator
An alternator is an electrical generator that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy in the
form of alternating current. For reasons of cost and simplicity, most alternators use a
rotating magnetic field with a stationary armature. Occasionally, a linear alternator or a rotating
armature with a stationary magnetic field is used. In principle, any AC electrical generator can be
called an alternator, but usually the term refers to small rotating machines driven by automotive and
other internal combustion engines. An alternator that uses a permanent magnet for its magnetic
field is called a magneto. Alternators in power stations driven by steam turbines are called turbo-
alternators. Large 50 or 60 Hz three-phase alternators in power plants generate most of the world's
electric power, which is distributed by electric power grids.
Alternator Diagram
Introduction to Three phase fault:
Six numbers of steps down transformers are used for forming star and delta secondaries at low
voltage output. Fault condition is created with a set of switches to input LL, LG, 3L fault the circuit.
This triggers a 555 timer in monostable to reset after fault clearance in a short duration temporary
fault or permanently trip the output in case of prolonged fault. We know that if the fault accurses
then it creates many problems to the load. Many times, load is damaged. So, it is very important to
protect the system again the faults.

 
Abstract
This project provides automatic tripping mechanism for the three phase supply power system for
prevention form damage due to faults.
1. In case of temporary fault:- the output resets automatically after a brief interruption.
2. In case of permanent faults:- the output remains a tripped condition.
3. Faults like LG, LL, LLL and so on can be sensed and automatically disconnects the supply to
avoid large scale damages to the equipment connected.
4. Step down transformers bring down the voltage from 230V to 12V. The concept of low voltage
testing of fault conditions is followed
5. A set of switches are used to create faults amnd 555 timers are used to handle short and long
duration fault condition.
Types of faults in Three phase system
A) Single line to ground fault: The single line-to-ground fault is usually referred as “short circuit” fault
and occurs when one conductor falls to ground or makes contact with the neutral wire

B) Line-to-Line Fault: A line-to-line fault may take place either on an overhead and/or underground
transmission system and occurs when two conductors are short-circuited. One of the characteristics of this
type of fault is that its fault impedance magnitude could vary over a wide range making very ACET
ELECTRICAL. It is when the fault impedance is zero that the highest asymmetry at the line-to-line fault
occurs.
Types of faults on Three phase system
C) Transient and permanent fault: Transient faults are didn’t damage the insulation of wire and there are small in
time duration and after that period circuit is re-energized. These faults are occurred on outdoor equipment because
the air is main medium to take place the transient fault. Example of transient fault are insulator flashover and
lightning stroke, when it happens the circuit is de-energized or open by circuit breaker and after a brief interval it
will reclose. Permanent fault as name suggest it is the permanent fault, which damage permanently to the
insulation. In this period line will permanent de-energized and repaired

D) Symmetrical and asymmetrical fault: A symmetrical fault is a balanced fault which are occurred on three
phases. These three phases have same value of fault current. Magnitude of all fault current is same. These faults
are same in three line or three line to ground fault. An asymmetrical fault has a D.C. offset, transient in nature and
unbalanced fault. They are occurred on single line, double line or single line to ground or double line to ground.
 
Hardware components to analyse fault.

1) Transformer

2) voltage regulator
3) diode
4) relay
5) resistor
6) capacitor
Transformer
A transformer is a passive component that transfers electrical energy from one electrical circuit to
another circuit, or multiple circuits. A varying current in any one coil of the transformer produces a
varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core, which induces a varying electromotive force across
any other coils wound around the same core. Electrical energy can be transferred between separate
coils without a metallic (conductive) connection between the two circuits. Faraday's law of
induction, discovered in 1831, describes the induced voltage effect in any coil due to a changing
magnetic flux encircled by the coil.
Voltage regulator
A voltage regulator is a system designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage. A voltage
regulator may use a simple feed-forward design or may include negative feedback. It may use
an electromechanical mechanism, or electronic components. Depending on the design, it may be used
to regulate one or more AC or DC voltages.
Electronic voltage regulators are found in devices such as computer power supplies where they
stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and other elements. In automobile alternators and
central power station generator plants, voltage regulators control the output of the plant. In an electric
power distribution system, voltage regulators may be installed at a substation or along distribution
lines so that all customers receive steady voltage independent of how much power is drawn from the
line.
Diode
A diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts current primarily in one direction
(asymmetric conductance); it has low (ideally zero) resistance in one direction, and high (ideally
infinite) resistance in the other. A diode vacuum tube or thermionic diode is a vacuum tube with
two electrodes, a heated cathode and a plate, in which electrons can flow in only one direction, from
cathode to plate. A semiconductor diode, the most commonly used type today, is a crystalline piece
of semiconductor material with a p–n junction connected to two electrical terminals. [4] Semiconductor
diodes were the first semiconductor electronic devices. The discovery of asymmetric electrical
conduction across the contact between a crystalline mineral and a metal was made by German
physicist Ferdinand Braun in 1874. Today, most diodes are made of silicon, but other semiconducting
materials such as gallium arsenide and germanium are also used.
Relay
A relay is an electrically operated switch. It consists of a set of input terminals for a single or multiple
control signals, and a set of operating contact terminals. The switch may have any number of contacts
in multiple contact forms, such as make contacts, break contacts, or combinations thereof.
Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by an independent low-power signal, or
where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. Relays were first used in long-
distance telegraph circuits as signal repeaters: they refresh the signal coming in from one circuit by
transmitting it on another circuit. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and early
computers to perform logical operations.
The traditional form of a relay uses an electromagnet to close or open the contacts, but other operating
principles have been invented, such as in solid-state relays which use semiconductor properties for
control without relying on moving parts. Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and
sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults; in
modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital instruments still
called protective relays.
Resistor
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a
circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels,
to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other uses. High-
power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat, may be used as part of motor
controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads for generators. Fixed resistors have resistances
that only change slightly with temperature, time or operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used to
adjust circuit elements (such as a volume control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat,
light, humidity, force, or chemical activity.
Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous
in electronic equipment. Practical resistors as discrete components can be composed of various
compounds and forms. Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits.
Capacitor
A capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy in an electric field. It is a passive electronic
component with two terminals.
The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance. While some capacitance exists between any two
electrical conductors in proximity in a circuit, a capacitor is a component designed to add capacitance
to a circuit. The capacitor was originally known as a condenser. This name and its cognates are
still widely used in many languages, but rarely in English, one notable exception being condenser
microphones, also called capacitor microphones.
Conclusion
Various faults have been Simulated to develop an automatic tripping mechanism for the three-phase supply system
while temporary fault and permanent faults occur. Here timer 555 has been used with relay for the fault analysis.
Short duration fault back to the supply to the load immediately called as temporary trip while long duration shall
result in permanent trip.
Thank You