KAK1043

CHILD GROWTH AND

DEVELOPMENT
iylia dayana shamsudin,
Ph.D
Periods of Human Development
• Child growth is described in terms of developmental periods correspond to specific
age ranges, following a sequence.
• Eight (8) periods of human development:
i. Prenatal
ii. Infancy and toddlerhood
iii. Early childhood
iv. Middle childhood
v. Adolescence
vi. Young adulthood
vii. Middle adulthood
viii. Late adulthood
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Prenatal period
Conception – birth
Prenatal period
• A period from conception until birth.Approximately 9 months – period of a
woman is pregnant with a baby.
• Prenatal development = process in which an embryo or foetus gestates
during preganancy (Mazur-Mosiewicz, & Dean, 2011)
• A crucial and sensitive period as the cell divides to develop a foetus, then
a baby.
• A lot of risk factors that can interrupt the growth of the foetus and caused
malformation of the foetus, leading to deformity in infant, such as
teratogens.
Mazur-Mosiewicz A., Dean R.S. (2011)
Prenatal Period, Stages of. In: Goldstein S.,
Naglieri J.A. (eds) Encyclopedia of Child
Behavior and Development. Springer, Boston,
iyliadayana21 12/18/2021 MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387- 4
79061-9_2225
Prenatal period

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless
-psychology/chapter/prenatal-development/

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Infancy
Birth to 24 months
Infancy
• A period from birth to approximately 18-24 months of age.
• Various of skills begin to develop and interconnected with one another.
• Rapid growth in motor skills.
• Cognitive skills developed and become more apparent.
• During this period, infant is highly dependent on adults (parents, caregivers,
or carers in TASKA).
• Children benefits a lot for their development when the adults spend time with
them.

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Infancy

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Early childhood
2 years – 6 years of age
Early childhood
• From 2 years to 6 years olds (some say 8 years old)
• Children learn to be more independent, self-sufficient.
• Children spent more time with peers and other people other than immediate family
members (i.e., parents, siblings, etc.).
• Engage in play activities more.
• A period of remarkable growth with brain development at its peak (UNESCO).
• Children’s growth is highly influenced by their surrounding – people, environment,
interaction, and etc.
• Children should developed holistically and this is the crucial period to promote it.
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Early childhood

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Middle childhood
6/8 years – 11 years of age
 Middle childhood
• 6/8 years to 11/12 years of age.
• Elementary school years
• Children master the fundamental skills – reading, writing, arithmetic.
• Self-control increase, achievement-centered.

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Adolescence
10/12 years – 19 years of age
Adolescence

• 10/12 years to 18/19 years of age.

• Rapid physical changes (e.g., growth spurt in male).
• Development of sexual characteristics (e.g., enlargement of the
breasts, growth of facial hair, deepening of the voice).
• Individual is pursuing independence and own identity.
• Thought become more abstract, idealistic and logical.

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Periods of development
• Young adulthood – 20s to 30s of age
• Middle adulthood – 40s to 65 of age
• Late adulthood – above 65 of age

• Death is the end of human life. Can occurs at any point of time, in
any period of development.

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Exercise
• Write a reflective essay of what it has been for you in each of the
periods of development (until adolescence).
• Write an essay of what do you dream of for the future periods of
development (young, middle and late adulthood).

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 Iylia Dayana Shamsudin

iyliadayana@fpm.upsi.edu.my

Thank You!

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