Course Name-Operating System

Course Code-COM-302

Topic – Types of Operating system

Model Institute of
Engineering & Technology
Text Books & Reference Books

Text Books (to be acquired by the Students)

Operating System by P. Galvin and A. Silberschatz.
Operating System by A.S. Tannenbaum.
Reference Books
Operating System concepts & design by Milan Milencovic.
Operating System Principles by H.D. Deitel.
Operating System Principles by William Stallings.
Design of UNIX Operating system by Maurice J. Bach
Practical Books (to be acquired by the Students)
UNIX Concepts & Applications by Sumitabha Das
Tools and Techniques for Linux and Unix Administration by Æleen
Frisch
Course Outcomes

PO
S. No. DESCRIPTION
MAPPING

Demonstrate understanding of the concepts, structure and design of 1, 2, 3, 6 ,7,

operating systems 12
1

Articulate the general architecture of modern computer operating systems 1,2,3,5,6

including its impact on application design and performance
2

Understand and analyze complex design choices and implementation details 1,3,4,5,7,11
of: processes, resource control with concurrency, physical and virtual
3 memory, scheduling, I/O and files.

Analyze the interplay and conflicts in resource usage in a multi-user, multi- 2,3,4,5,9,10
tasking environment with an understanding of the trade-offs involved.
4

Demonstrate competence in recognizing and using operating system 1,3,5,7,9,12

features.
5
Assessment and Evaluation Plan

• Assessment Tools Evaluation

 Online Quizzes  Internal Examination
 Google Classroom Activities  AI = 10
 Submission of Problems  AII = 10
 Solving examples  SI= 10
 Tutorial Sheets  SII = 10
 ATTENDANCE= 10
 External Examination= 100
Course Outcome 1-Delivery Plan
Course Topics Blooms Taxonomy
Outcomes

Introduction to Operating System Understanding, Remembering

Types of Operating System Understanding, Remembering

CRA-1 Architecture Understanding, Remembering

CO1

Role &Functions of Operating System Understanding, Remembering

System Calls, System Programs Understanding, Remembering

Course Outline
• Time Sharing O.S

• Multiprocessor System/ Loosely Coupled O.S

• Distributed System/Loosely Coupled O.S:

• Network Operating System

• Advantages of Network Operating System
• Disadvantages of Network Operating System
 Contd…

Time Sharing O.S

• In a time sharing system, each process is assigned some specific quantum of
time for which a process is meant to execute. Say there are 4 processes P1,
P2, P3, P4 ready to execute.
• So each of them are assigned some time quantum for which they will
execute e.g time quantum of 5 nanoseconds (5 ns). As one process begins
execution (say P2), it executes for that quantum of time (5 ns). After 5 ns the
CPU starts the execution of the other process (say P3) for the specified
quantum of time.
• Thus the CPU makes the processes to share time slices between them and
execute accordingly.
• As soon as time quantum of one process expires, another process begins its
execution.
• Here also basically a context switch is occurring but it is occurring so fast that
the user is able to interact with each program separately while it is running.
• This way, the user is given the illusion that multiple processes/ tasks are
executing simultaneously. But actually only one process/ task is executing at
a particular instant of time.
• In multitasking, time sharing is best manifested because each running
process takes only a fair quantum of the CPU time.
 Contd…
Advantages of Time-Sharing OS:
• Each task gets an equal opportunity
• Less chances of duplication of software
• CPU idle time can be reduced
Disadvantages of Time-Sharing OS:
• Reliability problem
• One must have to take care of security and integrity
of user programs and data
• Data communication problem
 Contd…

2. Personal Computer System/Desktop O.S

Personal computer appeared in 1970’s.
They are microcomputers that are smaller & less expensive than
mainframe systems.
Instead of maximizing CPU & peripheral utilization, the systems
opt for maximizing user convenience & responsiveness.
 At first file protection was not necessary on a personal machine.
But when other computers 2nd other users can access the files
on a pc file protection becomes necessary.
The lack of protection made it easy for malicious programs to
destroy data on such systems.
These programs may be self replicating& they spread via worm or
virus mechanisms. They can disrupt entire companies or even
world wide networks. E.g : windows 98, windows 2000, Linux.
 Contd…

3. Multiprocessor System/ Loosely Coupled O.S

• These Systems have more than one processor in close
communications which share the computer bus, clock,
memory & peripheral devices. Ex: UNIX, LINUX.

• Multiprocessor Systems have 3 main advantages.

Increased throughput:

• No. of processes computed per unit time. By increasing the

no. of processors move work can be done in less time.
 Contd…
Increased Reliability:
• If functions can be properly distributed among several
processors, then the failure of one processor will not
halt the system, but slow it down. This ability to
continue to operate in spite of failure makes the
system fault tolerant.

Economic scale:
• Multiprocessor systems can save money as they can
share peripherals, storage & power supplies.
 Contd…

Distributed System/Loosely Coupled O.S:

• In contrast to tightly coupled systems,

the processors do not share memory or a
clock.
• Instead, each processor has its own local
memory. The processors communicate
with each other by various
communication lines such as high speed
buses or telephone lines.
• Distributed systems depend on
networking for their functionalities. By
being able to communicate distributed
systems are able to share computational
tasks and provide a rich set of features
to the users.
 Contd…

Distributed System/Loosely Coupled O.S:

• Various autonomous interconnected

computers communicate each other
using a shared communication network.
Independent systems possess their own
memory unit and CPU. These are
referred as loosely coupled systems or
distributed systems.

• The advantages of distributed system

are resource sharing, computation speed
up, reliability, communication.
• Advantages of Distributed Operating System: Contd…

Failure of one will not affect the other network communication, as all
systems are independent from each other
Electronic mail increases the data exchange speed
Since resources are being shared, computation is highly fast and durable
Load on host computer reduces
These systems are easily scalable as many systems can be easily added to
the network
Delay in data processing reduces

• Disadvantages of Distributed Operating System:

Failure of the main network will stop the entire communication
These types of systems are not readily available as they are very expensive. Not
only that the underlying software is highly complex and not understood well yet
• Examples of Distributed Operating System are- LOCUS etc.
 Contd…

Network Operating System

• These systems run on a server and provide the

capability to manage data, users, groups, security,
applications, and other networking functions.
• These type of operating systems allow shared access of
files, printers, security, applications, and other
networking functions over a small private network.
• One more important aspect of Network Operating
Systems is that all the users are well aware of the
underlying configuration, of all other users within the
network, their individual connections etc. and that’s
why these computers are popularly known as tightly
coupled systems.

• Examples of Network Operating System are: Microsoft

Windows Server 2003, Microsoft Windows Server 2008,
UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, Novell NetWare, and BSD etc.
 Contd…
• Advantages of Network Operating System:
 Highly stable centralized servers
 Security concerns are handled through servers
 New technologies and hardware up-gradation are easily integrated to the
system
 Server access are possible remotely from different locations and types of
systems

• Disadvantages of Network Operating System:

 Servers are costly
 User has to depend on central location for most operations
 Maintenance and updates are required regularly
 Contd…

6. Real time OS
• Real time system is used when there are rigid time
requirements on the operation of a processor or flow of
data.
• Sensors bring data to the computers. The computer
analyzes data and adjusts controls to modify the sensors
inputs. System that controls scientific experiments,
medical imaging systems and some display systems are
real time systems.
 Contd…

• Real time system is of two types such as:

Hard real time systems:
 It guarantees that the critical task has been completed on
time.
The sudden task is takes place at a sudden instant of time.
Soft real time systems:
It is a less restrictive type of real time system where a
critical task gets priority over other tasks and retains that
priority until it computes.
These have more limited utility than hard real time
systems. Missing an occasional deadline is acceptable e.g.
QNX, VX works. Digital audio or multimedia is included in
this category.
 Contd…
 Advantages of RTOS:
• Maximum Consumption: Maximum utilization of devices and systems, thus more output from all the resources
• Task Shifting: Time assigned for shifting tasks in these systems are very less. For example in older systems it takes
about 10 micro seconds in shifting one task to another and in latest systems it takes 3 micro seconds.
• Focus on Application: Focus on running applications and less importance to applications which are in queue.
• Real time operating system in embedded system: Since size of programs are small, RTOS can also be used in
embedded systems like in transport and others.
• Error Free: These types of systems are error free.
• Memory Allocation: Memory allocation is best managed in these type of systems.
 Disadvantages of RTOS:
• Limited Tasks: Very few tasks run at the same time and their concentration is very less on few applications to
avoid errors.
• Use heavy system resources: Sometimes the system resources are not so good and they are expensive as well.
• Complex Algorithms: The algorithms are very complex and difficult for the designer to write on.
• Device driver and interrupt signals: It needs specific device drivers and interrupt signals to response earliest to
interrupts.
• Thread Priority: It is not good to set thread priority as these systems are very less prone to switching tasks.
Thank You