Chapter 3

Determinants
and
Diagonalization
 Contents
• 3.1. The cofactor Expansion
• 3.2.Determinants and Matrix
Inverses
• 3.3. Diagonalization and Eigenvalues
• 3.4. An Application to Linear
Recurrences
 3.1. The Cofactor Expansion
 If A=[a] then the determinant of
A, denoted by detA=a
a b
 If A is an 2x2 matrix then A   
c d
a b
det A   ad  bc + - +
c d a b c
A   d e f 
 If A is an 3x3 matrix then the
determinant of A is defined by  g h i 
a b c
e f d f d e
det A  d e f  a.    .  b.    .  c.    .
h i g i g h
g h i
 The determinant of 3x3
matrix
a b c
e f d f d e
det A  d e f  a.    .  b.    .  c.    .
h i g i g h
g h i

 aei  bfg  cdh  ceg  afh  bdi

 The determinant of 3x3
matrix
col1 col 2 col 3 col1 col 2
col1 col 2 col 3 col1 col 2
a b c a b
1 5 4 1 5
d e f d e
0 2 6 0 2
g h i g h
0 0 3 0 0
- - - + + +

det A  aei  bfg  cdh  ceg  afh  bdi

 Find detA if
1 5 4 
A  0 2 6 
 
0 0 3 

col1 col 2 col 3 col1 col 2

1 5 4 1 5
0 2 6 0 2
0 0 3 0 0
- - - + + +
Note that : only use with 3x3 matrices
How to define the determinant
of an mxm matrix?
 1 2 1 5
0 6 4 3 
Matrix A11
A
0 7 1 0
 
0 1 8 2
 1 11 .det  A11 
    
a

11
6 4 3 0 4 3
det A  1 .  1 . 7 1 0  2.  1 . 0 1 0 
1 8 2 0 8 2
0 6 3 0 6 4
 1  1 0 7 0  5  1 0 7 1
1 2 2 0 1 8
 The (i,j)-cofactor
(phần phụ đại số)
• If A is an mxm matrix then the (i,j)-cofactor of A is
defined by
cij(A)=(-1)i+jdet(Aij)
• Aij is the (m-1)x(m-1) matrix obtained from A by
deleting row i and column j of A
• For example, c23(A)=(-1)2+3det(A23)=-14
1 2 1 5  1 2 5 
0 6 4 3  0 7 0 
A   A 23   
0 7 1 0 
  0 1 2 
0 1 8 2 
 Definition
a b c
e f d f d e
det A  d e f  a .    .  b .    .  c .    .
a h i a g i a g h
g h i 11
       
12
   
13

(1,1)  cofactor (1,2)  cofactor (1,3)  cofactor

If A is an mxm matrix then the determinant of A is

defined by
• detA=ai1ci1(A)+ai2ci2(A)+…+aimcim(A)
• or detA= a1jc1j(A)+a2jc2j(A)+…+amjcmj(A)
1 2 1 5
6 4 0
0 6 4 0
 1 7 1 0  68
0 7 1 0
1 8 2
0 1 8 2
 Properties
• If A has one row of zeros then detA=0
• If A has two identical rows(columns) then detA=0
• If A is an triangular matrix then detA is the product of the
entries on the main diagonal
a b c
x y z 0
a b c

3 2 1 5
6 4 3
0 6 4 3 1 0
 3. 0 1 0  3.6.  3.6.  1 .2
0 0 1 0 0 2
0 0 2
0 0 0 2

Upper triangular
 Example
Suppose A is an triangular matrix, a11=4 and c11(A)=11.
What is the product of all entries on the main
diagonal?
A)11 B)44 C)-11 D)-44

a11 a12 ... ... a1 n 

0 a22 ... ... a2 n  detA=a11c11(A) + a21c21(A) + … = a11c11(A)

A 0 0 ... ... 0 
 
 ... ... ... ... ... 
 0 0 ... ... ann 

Upper triangular
 Determinants and elementary operations

• If B obtained from A by interchanging two rows (or columns)

then detB=-detA
• For example, detC’=-detC=12
1 2 1 5 1 2 1 5
0 6 4 3  0 6 4 3 
C C' 
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2
   
0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0

0 3 2 1 2 5
r1  r2
1 2 5   0 3 2
3 1 1 3 1 1
 Examples
• If two rows (or columns) of a matrix is the same then the
determinant is zero

1 2 1 5  1 2 1 5 
0 6 4 3 0 6 4 3
C  C'  C
1 2 5 6 1 2 5 6
   
1 2 5 6 1 2 5 6

det C   det C '   det C  det C  0

 Determinants and elementary operations
• If B is the matrix obtained from A by multiplying one row (or
cloumn) by a nonzero number k then detB=kdetA
• For example, detA’=35, detA=2detA’=2.35=70

1 0 0 1 0 0
0 7 0  2 0 7 0  70
2 4 10 1 2 5
 Examples
Find a such that

4 8 8 1 2 2
8 4 4  a 2 1 1 ?
0 8 4 0 2 1

a) 4 b) 12 c) 48 d)64
 
Note that k .    k.
 
 
          
k matrix k number

Note that a|A| means number a multiplies number |A| while

aA means number a multiplies matrix A
 properties
• If A is a square matrix that one row(column) is a multiple of
another row(column) then the determinant of A is zero

a b c a b c
r  kr
3 1 r r 1 3

x y z  k x y z 0
ka kb kc a b c
Determinants and elementary operations
• If B is the matrix obtained from A by adding a multiple of one
row (or column) to another row (or column) then detB=detA
• For example,

1 2 3 1 2 3
2 r  r
0 7 0  0 7 0  1.7.  4   28
1 3

2 4 10 0 0 4
 Examples
0 2 1 9 2 2 4 6 1 1 2 3 1 1 2 3
3 r  r
2 4 2 1 9 2 1 9 3 r  r 0 2 1 9
1 3
2 6 r r
1 2 0 0 1 4

   2  2
3 2 2 1 3 2 2 1 3 2 2 1 0 1 4 8
3 4 2 0 3 4 2 0 3 4 2 0 0 7 4 9
1 1 2 3 1 1 2 3 1 1 2 3
2r r
0 1 4 8 7 r  r 0 1 4 8 0 1 4 8
2 3
r r
   2 
2 3 2 4

 2  2.7
0 2 1 9 0 0 7 7 0 0 1 1
0 7 4 9 0 0 24 47 0 0 24 47
1 1 2 3
24 r  r 0 1 4 8
 2.7.1.  1 .1.  23
3 4

 2.7
0 0 1 1
0 0 0 23

1 2 1 5
0 6 4 3
Do your self: Find
1 3 4 6
1 2 4 5
 Theorem
 detA=det(AT)
 det(AB)=detA.detB
 If A is an nxn matrix then
det(kA)=kndetA

Note that det(Ak)=(detA)k

det(A+B) ≠ detA+detB
 detA-1=1/detA
• We have A.A-1 = In
• So, det(AA-1)=detA.det(A-1)=detIn=1
• Then,
det(A-1)=1/detA
 Example
Suppose A is a nxn matrix, and k is a scalar.
Which of the following is(are) false?

a) det(AT)=detA b) det(AB)=detAdetB

c) det(A+B)=detA+detB d) det(kA)=kdetA

e) det(kA)=kndetA

Answer: c,d
 Example
Let A and B are nxn matrices. Which statement is false?

a) det(A-1BA)=detB b) det(AB-1A-1B)=1

c) detAdetA-1=1 d) detAdetAT=1

e) det(ATB)=det(BTA) det(AB)=detA.detB
det(AT)=detA
detA.det(A-1)=1
Answer: d only
3.2.Determinant and Matrix
Inverses
• If A is invertible then AIdentity matrix
• If detA ≠0 and AB by elementary operations
then detB ≠0
• A is invertible iff detA≠0
• Cramer’s Rule
• Give a formula to find A-1
 (i,j-Cofactor
(phần phụ đại số)
• cij=cij(A)=(-1)i+jdet(Aij) ( it is a number)
• Aij is the matrix obtained from A by deleting
row i and column j
1 2 1 5 1 2 5 
0 4Ch
6 dòng
Che 3   
e 2
A A23  0 7 0
0 7 31
cột
0  
  0 1 2 
0 1 8 2
1 2 5
c23  c23  A    1 det A23   0 7 0  14
23

0 1 2
 Adjugate matrix
• The adjugate matrix of A is the matrix
 c11 c21 ... cn1 
c c22 ... cn 2 
adjA   12
 ... ... ... ... 
 
c1n c2 n ... cnn 
• For example,
1 2 0 
  1 1 3 1 12 1 1
A  1 3 1 . We have c11   1   3, c12   1   3,
  0 1 2 1
2 0 1 
c11  3, c12  3, c13  6  3 2 2
c21  2, c22  1, c23  4,  adjA   3 1 1 
c31  2, c32  1, c33  5  6 4 5
 Theorem of Adjugate Formula
If A is any square matrix, then
• A(adjA)=(detA)I
• In particular, if detA≠0 then A is invertible and

1
A 
1
adjA
• For example,
det A

1 1 2 2 1 3
A  0 2 1  det A  2 and adjA= 0 1 1 
0 0 1   0 0 2 
2 1 3 1 1 / 2 3 / 2 
 A1   0 1 1   0 1 / 2 1 / 2 
1
2
 0 0 2  0 0 1 

Note that […]

 Example
Let A be a 2x2 matrix with detA=3.

Find det(adjA)?

a) 1/3 b)1/2 c)2 d) 3

   
A  adjA  det A  In  det  A adjA   det  det A  In 
       
 matrix matrix   number matrix 
 det A  det  adjA    det A  det In   det A 
n n

 det  adjA    det A 

n 1

Answer: d det  kA   k n det A

 Cramer’s Rule
 Cramer’s system: system of n equations involving n variables
and has unique solution. So, the coefficient matrix is
invertible
 A is invertible iff detA≠0
a11 x1  a12 x2  ...  a1 n x n  b1
a x  a x  ...  a x  b

Cramer ' s system:  21 1 22 2 2n n 2
AX  B,
...........................................
an1 x1  an2 x2  ...  ann xn  bn
A is an invertible matrix  detA  0 
det Ai
The system has unique solution given by xi 
det A
 Cramer’s system: AX=B
a11 x1  a12 x2  ...  a1 n xn  b1  x1   b1 
a x  a x  ...  a x  b x  b 
 21 1 22 2    2

2n n 2
 AX  B , X  2
, B 
...........................................  ...   ... 
an1 x1  an2 x2  ...  ann xn  bn    
x
 n  bn 
 a11 ab112 ... a1n 
a b222
a ... a2 n 
det A2 A2   21
x2   ... ...
... ... ... 
det A  
 an1 a
bnn2 ... ann 

For example, consider the system

 x  2y  3 1 2 3
  AX  B , where A=   , B   
2 x  y  11 2 1  11
3 2 1 3
1 2 det A1 11 1 25 det A2 2 11 5
We have detA= =5 and x     5, y    1
2 1 det A 5 5 det A 5 5
 Polynomial Interpolation (nội suy bằng đa thức)
• A quadratic polynomial (polynomial of degree 2) : p(x)=a+bx+cx2
• A cubic polynomial (polynomial of degree 3): p(x)=a+bx+cx2+dx3
• A polynomial of degree n: p(x)=a0+a1x+a2x2+…+anxn
• For example, given the data points (0,1);(1,2);(2,3);(3,2), find the
interpolating polynomial of degree 3 and estimate the value of y
corresponding to x=-1
Polynomial of degree 3:p  x   ax 3  bx 2  cx  d
1  d
2  a  b  c  d

 p  x    3x 3  9 x 2  5x  11   p  1  
1 18

3  8a  4b  2c  d 11 11
2  27a  9b  3c  d

(2,3)
(1,2) (3,2)
(0,1)

-1
 Determine whether the statements is true or false.
• The determinant of a square matrix equal to the sum of all entries of this
matrix.
• The determinant of a square matrix is a matrix with same size.
• The determinant of a square invertible matrix always eaqual to 1.
• The determinant of a square matrix is 0 if it is not invertible.
• By elementary operations, we can find the determinant of a square matrix.
• Suppose A, B, C are square matrices satisfying A=BC and A is not
invertible. Then B or C is not invertible.
• Suppose A, B, C are square matrices satisfying A=BC and A is invertible.
Then B and C are invertible.
• If AB=AC, then B=C.
• If AB=0 then A=0 or B=0.
• If A is invertible, then Ak is invertible for all positive integer k.
Thanks