PESTICIDES

DEFINITIONS

• Pest control is a major problem in cultivation of plants throughout

the world.

PEST:?
“Any animal, insect or plant, fungi, algae, bacteria, virus or
anything which damage the store grains, food stuff, cultivated
crops, plants and medicinal plant…. is called pest”

PESTICIDE:
“A pesticide is any toxic substance used to kill animal or plants
that causes economic damage to crop or ornamental plants or are
hazardous to the health of domestic animals or humans.”
 METHODS OF PEST CONTROL

Mechanical method of pest control

Biological method of pest control
Environmental method of pest control
Agricultural method of pest control
Chemical method of pest control
MECHANICAL METHOD OF PEST CONTROL

Mechanical methods includes

Hand Picking
Burning
Trapping
Pruning
Large caterpillars e.g, a large, green tomato hornworm larva can
be located rapidly and removed by hand.
MECHANICAL METHOD OF PEST CONTROL

Weeds are removed by hand picking.

Tent caterpillars gather on branches of trees and shrubs ,by
pruning or cutting out such branches of trees is an effective
measure.
MECHANICAL METHOD OF PEST CONTROL

If the insect’s tent is located near the trunk where the cutting is
difficult, then this part is burnt by a torch od burning oil
soaked rags at the end of a long pole.
 Burning helps in destruction of both animal and plant pests
removed by hand-picking or pruning.
MECHANICAL METHOD OF PEST CONTROL

• Special traps are used to catch larger field insects, rats and
mice.
• Electrified screens specially
colored lights and other
devices are also employed
for controlling insects.
BIOLOGICAL METHODS OF PEST CONTROL

• Some animal or insects feed upon smaller forms which destroy

the plants.
• Some insects have a short life cycle which parasitize larger
insects.
For examples
Rabbits are helpful in destroying certain type of weeds
Cats ,owls are enemies of mice and rats
Certain flies and wasps lay eggs on the body of large destructive
insects like slow moving larvae. The eggs of the parasitic insects
hatch rapidly into smaller larvae
Which consume the body tissues of the larger species.
Ultimately the larger forms die and the parasitized organisms is
developed into cocoon stage. It is emerged as adult fly and begin
the cycle once again.
CHEMICAL METHOD OF PEST CONTROL

•Utilizes chemicals to control the pest

• According to the type of pest chemical will be classified
• Rodenticides
• Insecticides
• Herbicide
• Fungicides
• Repellents
Rodents are mammals like rats, mice, cats, dogs, monkeys etc.
• Rodents have been used as food, as pets and as laboratory
animals in research.
• Some species, in particular the brown rat, the black rat, and
the house mouse are serious pests, eating and spoiling food
stored by humans, and spreading diseases.
• Accidentally introduced species of rodents are often
considered to be invasive, as they sometimes threaten the
survival of native species.
• Rodenticides are chemicals which are used to kill the rodents.
• Rodenticides are incorporated into the feeding stuff of the
rodents.
• But these must be,
1.Sufficiently toxic to kill the rodent
2. Acceptable to the rodents to be ingested in lethal quantities to
kill the rodent
Norbormide
Warfarin
 Squill
Nux vomica seeds
Norbormide

NRB is specifically toxic to rats, but it's relatively harmless to

other rodents and mammals.
• Norbormide is a toxic compound used as a rodenticide.
• DOSE:
• 0.5% is sufficiently toxic to induce death
• MECHANISM OF ACTION:
• Death occurs due to respiratory failure
Warfarin
• Anticoagulant chemical
• MECHANISM:
• Death occurs due to hemorrhage after the animals have ingested four to
five daily doses.
• It is tasteless
• Mainly used in warehouses
• DOSE: 1mg/kg body weight
.
CHEMICAL PRODUCTS:
• Other chemical products
• Sodium flouracetate
• Thalium sulphate
• Zinc phosphide
• Arsenic trioxide
• Barium carbonate
NATURAL PLANT PRODUCTS:
• Two varieties of Squill
• Red Squill
• White Squill
• SQUILL:
• B.O: Urginea maritima
• Family: liliaceae
• PART USED: dried inner fleshy scales of bulb
• TOXIC PRINCIPLE:
• scilliroside
• MECHANISM OF ACTION:
• respiratory failure
• convulsions
• CAUTION:
• Very irritant to human skin
• ADVANTAGE:
• Safe for mammals and domestic animals
• Instant vomiting
• Specific for rodents
NUX VOMICA SEEDS

B.O: Strychnos nuxvomica

Family: Loganiaceae
Toxic principle: Strychnine
Convulsions
MECHANISM:
Increases the reflex irritability of spinal cord
Convulsions
INSECTICIDES

Chemicals used to kill insects are called insecticides.

Insecticides are classified according to the life cycle of insects
which they affect;
NOMENCLATURE:
• Based on specific species
• The stage in the life cycle
1. Ovicides (Against the egg stage)
2. Larvicides (Against the larvae)
3. Muscicides (Against the house fly)
4. Pediculicides(Against the body louse)
5. Scabicides (Against the scabies mite)
Types
1) .Stomach
poison
2) Contact poison
3) Repellents
Stomach poisons
•Used for insects having biting or chewing mouth parts
• Stomach poisons are applied in the form of solutions or
suspensions which are sprayed on the crops.
• A thin layer of poisons remain on the surface of leaves or other
plant parts. So poison is also ingested along with the plant parts,
which is absorbed from the stomach and lead to the death of the
insect due to,
1. Respiratory failure
2. Nervous system depression
Stomach poisons
Acid lead arsenate
Basic lead arsenate
Calcium arsenate
Sodium fluoride
Thallium sulphate
• Contact poisons
Kill the pest when come in contact with pest
• Contact poisons are effective against sucking insects and are
used in the form of residual sprays, dust, aerosols. Types
1. Natural contact poisons
 Tobacco leaves, pyrethrum flower, derris root
2. Synthetic contact poisons
 organic sulphur compounds, Halogenated organic
compounds, Organic compounds
NATURAL CONTACT INSECTICIDES

• TOBACCO LEAVES:
B.O: Nicotiana tabacum
FAMILY : Solanaceae
PART USED: Cured and
dried leaves

• CONSTITUENTS:
• Contain
• 0.6-9% nicotine
• Nornicotine
• Nicotianin
• Pyridine type alkaloid
• Obtained from cured tobacco
• Characteristic alkaloid of the genus
• Prepared commercially Waste material of Tobacco industry
• PROPERTIES OF NICOTINE:
• Oily, volatile liquid
• Colorless to yellow in color
• Brown on exposure to air
• Acrid taste
• Completely soluble in chloroform, alcohol and ether
• TOXIC EFFECTS:
• Local irritant
• Paralyzent
PYRETHRUM FLOWER (INSECT FLOWERS)

B.O: Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium

Family : Asteraceae
Part used : Dried flower heads.
Active constituents:
 Pyrethrins (0.5%)
Pyrethrin-I , Pyrethrin-II
 Chrysanthine
The pyrethrins are a class of organic compounds normally
derived from Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium that have potent
insecticidal activity by targeting the nervous systems of insects
.
Pyrethrin is synthetically made by industrial methods, but it
also naturally occurs in chrysanthemum flowers, thus is often
considered an organic insecticide, or at least when is not
combined with piperonyl butoxide or other synthetic
adjuvants.
• Pyrethrins are gradually replacing organophosphates and
organochlorides as the pesticides of choice, since these other
compounds have been shown to have significant and persistent
toxic effects to humans.
• Pyrethrins are now widely regarded as being preferable to
pyrethroids, which is the name of a group of synthetic
analogues of pyrethrin. Pyrethrins are considered to be low-
toxicity pesticides from a human health standpoint.
Uses:
Insect flowers are a contact poison for insects
Used in the form of powders or sprays.
PYRYTHRIN I&II
 DERRIS ROOT(POISON VINE)

B.O: Derris elliptica

Family: Fabaceae
Part Used:Dried roots
Constituents: Rotenone
Uses:
• Insecticide
• Widely used in agriculture
• Chewing insects
• Sucking insects
• No side effects on crops and garden plants
SYNTHETIC CONTACT INSECTICIDES

• The synthetic organic insecticides are classified into major

groups
1. Organic sulphur/Sulphur compounds
2. Chlorinated hydrocarbon
3. Organophosphorous derivatives
 SULPHUR COMPOUNDS

Examples:
• Carbamates
• Thiuram derivatives
• Mercaptens
• Thiazines
• Organic thiocyanates
Sulphur is the traditional and ancient remedy for scabies.
 CHLORINATED HYDROCARBON

Synthetic contact poison

Examples:
1. Dicophane/ (D.D.T)
or Dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane
2. Gamma benzene hexachloride
Uses:
DDT is used for the eradication of head lice,and gamma benzene
hexachloride is used to treat scabies and it also destroy head
lice.
 ORGANOPHOSPHOROUS DERIVATIVES

• Examples:
TEPP( Tetraethylpyrophosphate)
Parathion
Chlorthion
Used as contact and systemic poisons.
 REPELLENTS

Used to protect the attack of insects

Used in the form of sprays and aerosols
Citronella oil was used as repellents
Dimethyl phthalate is used topically on skin
Diethyl toluamide is effective against mosquito
 HERBICIDES

Chemicals used to destroy/kill the weeds (undesirable plants

which grow among the cultivated crops/medicinal plants)
Types
Selective herbicides
 Non-selective herbicides
Selective herbicides: Selectively eliminate the weeds and have
little or no effect on the cultivated plants
• Examples:
 2,4 D (2,4 dichloro phenoxy acetic acid)
 2,4,5 D (2,4,5 trichloro phenoxy acetic acid)
Non-selective herbicides
Equally toxic for weeds and cultivated plants
Examples:
Sodium cyanide
Potassium cyanide
Ammonium thiocyanide
 FUNGICIDES

• Fungicides are biocidal chemical compounds or

biological organisms used to kill or inhibit fungi or
fungal spores.
• Fungi can cause serious damage in agriculture,
resulting in critical losses of yield, quality, and profit
• Fungicides are used both in agriculture and to fight
fungal infections in animals.
Types
• Protectant fungicides
• Eradicant fungicides
Protectant fungicides
• These fungicides are used before the attack of fungus
• Used in the form of sprays
• Seed fungicides are used to eliminate the spores which
germinate along with seeds
• Fungicides are sprayed on wood to protect against the attack
• Bordeaux mixture (Copper sulphate, Water, lime) as a
fungicide. It is used in vineyards, fruit-farms and gardens to
prevent infestations fungi.
• Copper sulphate • Copper carbonate • Mercury compound
• Eradicant fungicides:
Used after the attack of fungi
 Lime sulphur mixture
 Formaldehyde 40%
 Quaternary ammonium compounds
 Chlorophenol
 ENVIRONMENTAL METHOD OF PEST
CONTROL

Change of the surrounding environment

 Interfere with supply of food
 Interfere with the life cycle of the pest
 AGRICULTURAL METHOD OF PEST
CONTROL
Development of pest resistant crops
Crop rotation
THANK YOU